Name: __________________________  Date: _____________

1.	Contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on the nature versus nurture debate. What position do modern psychologists take on this issue?	

2.	Differentiate between a structuralist and functionalist approach to understanding consciousness. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences that gave rise to these schools of psychology.	

3.	Discuss Sigmund Freud's influence on the field of psychology. What are the contributions and critiques of psychoanalytic theory?	

4.	Why would John Watson disagree with the definition of psychology as stated in the textbook?	

5.	While B. F. Skinner's underlying views about the human condition differ markedly from humanistic views, interestingly, his goals for the advancement of humanity are remarkably similar. Compare and contrast Skinner's views with humanistic psychology.	

6.	Discuss some benefits that behaviourism brought to the field of psychology. Then, discuss some problems associated with behaviourism.	

7.	Discuss how technological advancements, along with work in the field of linguistics, advanced cognitive psychology and ultimately led to the downfall of behaviourism as the dominant field within psychology.	

8.	How might an evolutionary psychologist explain human behaviour that is largely detrimental to the individual or the culture, such as aggression or a preference for a high-fat diet?	

9.	Humans have a tendency to be afraid of the dark. Provide an explanation of this phenomenon within the framework of both behaviourism and evolutionary psychology. Are the two explanations necessarily incompatible?	

10.	Describe four nonresearch career specializations within psychology.	

11.	Psychology is the scientific study of:	
A)	mind and body.	
B)	mind and behaviour.	
C)	mood and behaviour.	
D)	mood and body.	

12.	Psychology is the _____ study of mind and behaviour.	
A)	dualistic	
B)	phrenological	
C)	scientific	
D)	subjective	

13.	Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. Behaviour refers to:	
A)	perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.	
B)	explanations.	
C)	urges.	
D)	observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals.	

14.	_____ refers to the private inner experience of perception, thoughts, memories, and feelings.	
A)	Mind	
B)	Dualism	
C)	Behaviour	
D)	Empiricism	

15.	Attempts to develop a scientific approach to psychology related the mind to the:	
A)	unconscious.	
B)	spirit.	
C)	brain.	
D)	soul.	

16.	Today, psychologists believe that thoughts and feelings:	
A)	arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain.	
B)	arise from a nonphysical mind interacting with the pineal gland in the brain.	
C)	are not proper subject matter for science research.	
D)	usually are not adaptive in helping us function effectively in the world.	

17.	Today, most psychologists would agree with which statement concerning mental processes?	
A)	The scientific method cannot be applied to the study of thinking and emotion.	
B)	Mental processes are nonphysical entities that control the brain and body.	
C)	Mental processes arise from brain functioning.	
D)	Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.	

18.	Which statement is compatible with modern psychological science?	
A)	The scientific method cannot be applied to the study of thinking and emotion.	
B)	Thoughts, feelings, and behaviour arise from electrical and chemical events in the brain.	
C)	Psychologists should confine their analyses to the study of observable behaviour.	
D)	Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.	

19.	The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in:	
A)	anatomy.	
B)	logic.	
C)	dualism.	
D)	philosophy.	

20.	Among the first to struggle with how the mind works were the:	
A)	Greek philosophers.	
B)	dualists led by Descartes.	
C)	18th-century phrenologists.	
D)	18th-century German physiologists.	

21.	Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn, a theory known as:	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	nativism.	
C)	philosophical empiricism.	
D)	structuralism.	

22.	The older position of nativism is reflected in psychological views that emphasize the effect of _____ on behaviour.	
A)	nurture	
B)	intuition	
C)	schemas	
D)	nature	

23.	Which early philosopher was interested in certain kinds of knowledge as being innate or inborn?	
A)	Hippocrates	
B)	Plato	
C)	Aristotle	
D)	Descartes	

24.	Which early philosopher advocated the philosophical view of nativism?	
A)	Hippocrates	
B)	Plato	
C)	Aristotle	
D)	Descartes	

25.	Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to _____.	
A)	philosophical structuralism; nativism	
B)	nativism; philosophical empiricism	
C)	nativism; dualism	
D)	dualism; nativism	

26.	Nature is to nurture as nativism is to:	
A)	experience.	
B)	adaptation.	
C)	behaviourism.	
D)	phrenology.	

27.	Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through experience, an idea now known as:	
A)	functionalism.	
B)	philosophical empiricism.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	nativism.	

28.	Which early philosopher advocated philosophical empiricism?	
A)	Hippocrates	
B)	Plato	
C)	Aristotle	
D)	Descartes	

29.	The notion that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa is consistent with the views of:	
A)	Plato.	
B)	Descartes.	
C)	Aristotle.	
D)	Gall.	

30.	The fact that very young children almost universally master the basics of language without formal training is MOST consistent with:	
A)	Plato's nativism.	
B)	Gall's phrenology.	
C)	Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.	
D)	Locke's tabula rasa.	

31.	Some early psychological theorists believed that much of human behaviour was instinctive; that is, our behaviour is much more determined by nature than our nurture. This view is MOST consistent with:	
A)	Plato's nativism.	
B)	Gall's phrenology.	
C)	Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.	
D)	Locke's tabula rasa.	

32.	Some early psychological theorists believed that all of human behaviour was learned; that is, our behaviour is much more determined by nurture than our nature. This view is MOST consistent with:	
A)	Plato's nativism.	
B)	Gall's phrenology.	
C)	Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.	
D)	James's functionalism.	

33.	The major limitation of the works of the classical Greek philosophers to an understanding of human behaviour is that:	
A)	the works tended to underestimate the role of nature in determining human behaviour.	
B)	the forces that govern human behaviour have changed considerably since their time.	
C)	the works tended to underestimate the role of nurture in shaping human behaviour.	
D)	these philosophers did not develop ways to test their theories.	

34.	Reaching conclusions in psychological science requires:	
A)	introspection.	
B)	the ability to test a theory.	
C)	insights based on personal observations.	
D)	philosophical empiricism.	

35.	_____ believed that the mind and body are made of different things, with the mind being made of an immaterial or spiritual substance.	
A)	Gall	
B)	Hobbes	
C)	Descartes	
D)	Aristotle	

36.	A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different from each other but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are similar to those of:	
A)	Gall.	
B)	Descartes.	
C)	Hobbes.	
D)	Broca.	

37.	Luca believes that our nonphysical minds direct the actions of our brain and body. His beliefs are MOST similar to those of which philosopher or scientist?	
A)	Descartes	
B)	Aristotle	
C)	Hobbes	
D)	Broca	

38.	Kolby believes that a nonphysical spiritual entity inside each of us controls our physical body and the decisions that we make. Her beliefs are MOST consistent with which philosophical view?	
A)	behaviourism	
B)	philosophical empiricism	
C)	phrenology	
D)	dualism	

39.	The problem of dualism refers to how:	
A)	different areas in the brain control different types of behaviour and cognition.	
B)	mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behaviour.	
C)	brain activity produces consciousness.	
D)	both genetic and environmental factors influence human behaviour.	

40.	The modern view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of brain activity can be traced to which philosopher?	
A)	Hobbes	
B)	Plato	
C)	Descartes	
D)	James	

41.	Xue does not believe that we have a nonphysical mind. Rather, he believes that the mind is what the brain does. His views are MOST similar to those of:	
A)	Freud.	
B)	Plato.	
C)	Descartes.	
D)	Hobbes.	

42.	Which statement BEST summarizes the now discredited study of phrenology?	
A)	The mind is a blank slate and human behaviour is entirely determined by experience.	
B)	There exists a nonphysical mind controlling a physical body.	
C)	Mental events are localized in specific brain regions.	
D)	Observable behaviour is the property subject matter for psychology.	

43.	Phrenology suggested that specific mental abilities and characteristics were located in specific regions of the brain. It was developed by:	
A)	Descartes.	
B)	Flourens.	
C)	Gall.	
D)	Broca.	

44.	Dr. Quack touches specific bumps on a patient's skull and then indicates specific character traits for the patient, for example, "This patient is cautious." Dr. Quack is engaging in:	
A)	structuralism.	
B)	phrenology.	
C)	mesmerism.	
D)	psychoanalysis.	

45.	A new-age mystic believes that the source of parental love is localized to a brain region immediately above the brain stem. Her view is MOST consistent with which practice?	
A)	psychoanalysis	
B)	humanism	
C)	mesmerism	
D)	phrenology	

46.	Damage to which brain region impairs the production of speech?	
A)	the pineal gland	
B)	Broca's area	
C)	the hippocampus	
D)	the temporal lobe	

47.	_____ was the FIRST to identify a specialized brain region involved in the production of speech.	
A)	Broca	
B)	Gall	
C)	Flourens	
D)	Helmholtz	

48.	After suffering a stroke, Irma could no longer produce speech, although she clearly understood what others were saying to her. The stroke probably damaged her:	
A)	hippocampus.	
B)	amygdala.	
C)	Wernicke's area.	
D)	Broca's area.	

49.	After suffering a stroke, Lisa was able to understand what people said to her but was unable to speak to them. The stroke probably damaged her:	
A)	hypothalamus.	
B)	Broca's area.	
C)	nodes of Ranvier.	
D)	cerebellum.	

50.	The research of Flourens and Broca:	
A)	established phrenology as a true science.	
B)	confirmed Descartes' belief that the mind and body were linked via the pineal gland.	
C)	is consistent with the view of the mind held by Thomas Hobbes.	
D)	demonstrated that mental processes can occur independently of brain activity.	

51.	The research of Flourens and Broca jump-started the scientific study of mental processes because it:	
A)	confirmed predictions made by phrenology.	
B)	uncovered evidence consistent with dualism.	
C)	conceptualized mental processes in terms of both nature and nurture.	
D)	viewed mental processes as arising from brain activity.	

52.	The study of biological processes, especially those of the human body, is called:	
A)	psychology.	
B)	anatomy.	
C)	phrenology.	
D)	physiology.	

53.	The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in philosophy and in:	
A)	physiology.	
B)	logic.	
C)	dualism.	
D)	sociology.	

54.	In the context of experimental research, sensory input from the environment is termed a:	
A)	process.	
B)	reaction.	
C)	stimulus.	
D)	response.	

55.	An experimenter increases the intensity of a very dim light until participants report being able to see it. In this context, the light is serving as a:	
A)	introspective measure.	
B)	reaction time measure.	
C)	response device.	
D)	stimulus.	

56.	Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a button when she hears a tone. Penny is studying what type of process?	
A)	classical conditioning	
B)	introspection	
C)	reaction time	
D)	stimulus time	

57.	Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a button when she hears a tone. The amount of time from the onset of the tone to the button press is termed a _____ time.	
A)	reaction	
B)	behaviour	
C)	stimulus	
D)	response	

58.	Hermann von Helmholtz is MOST remembered for:	
A)	debunking phrenology.	
B)	opening the first laboratory to conduct purely psychological experiments.	
C)	being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.	
D)	discovering the relation between emotion and the amygdala.	

59.	_____ was the FIRST to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.	
A)	Hermann von Helmholtz	
B)	Paul Broca	
C)	Wilhelm Wundt	
D)	Pierre Flourens	

60.	An acupuncturist asks you to verbally respond as soon as you feel a pinprick as she stimulates your upper thigh, hamstring, calf, and foot with a needle. Based on Helmholtz's research, you will react MOST quickly when the _____ is stimulated.	
A)	upper thigh	
B)	hamstring	
C)	calf	
D)	foot	

61.	Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.	
A)	phrenology; functionalism	
B)	reaction time; structuralism	
C)	reaction time; functionalism	
D)	phrenology; structuralism	

62.	Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to:	
A)	Wundt.	
B)	Helmholtz.	
C)	Watson.	
D)	Titchener.	

63.	Who wrote the book Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1874, establishing psychology as a new domain of science?	
A)	Helmholtz	
B)	Wundt	
C)	Flourens	
D)	Titchener	

64.	The FIRST laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of study opened in:	
A)	Paris in 1859.	
B)	Leipzig in 1879.	
C)	Berlin in 1889.	
D)	Montreal in 1909.	

65.	A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind is:	
A)	empiricism.	
B)	dualism.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	consciousness.	

66.	Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing:	
A)	decision making.	
B)	observable behaviour.	
C)	consciousness.	
D)	brain functioning.	

67.	Sigmund Freud is to Edward Titchener as _____ is/are to _____.	
A)	the elements of the unconscious; the elements of consciousness	
B)	psychoanalysis; behaviourism	
C)	empiricism; structuralism	
D)	structuralism; functionalism	

68.	Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic elements comprising consciousness, an approach his students later termed:	
A)	psychoanalysis.	
B)	functionalism.	
C)	consciousness.	
D)	structuralism.	

69.	Early psychologists applying structuralist methods to the study of psychology attempted to:	
A)	use free association to gain insight into the unconsciousness.	
B)	analyze conscious experience in its most basic parts.	
C)	use reaction-time measures to map or structure neural networks in the brain.	
D)	identify the adaptive functions of mental activity.	

70.	What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?	
A)	conditioning	
B)	introspection	
C)	psychoanalysis	
D)	hypnosis	

71.	Presented with a stimulus, student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report on their "raw" sensory experience, a technique known as:	
A)	inspection.	
B)	circumspection.	
C)	retrospection.	
D)	introspection.	

72.	A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at the flickering of a lit candle and reports on her subjective experiences, such as the visual experience of the candle flickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth. The psychologist conducting this experiment is MOST likely to be _____, and the method being used is _____.	
A)	Wundt; psychoanalysis	
B)	Wundt; introspection	
C)	James; functionalism	
D)	Titchener; functionalism	

73.	In an experiment, Wundt instructed participants in one group to concentrate on perceiving a tone when it sounded before pressing a button. Participants in another group were simply instructed to press the button as soon as the tone sounded. Wundt found that participants in the first group responded slightly more slowly. This experiment was designed to distinguish between:	
A)	the sensation and perception of a stimulus.	
B)	reaction time and accuracy.	
C)	the perception and interpretation of a stimulus.	
D)	the sensation of a stimulus and reaction time.	

74.	Which psychologist established the structuralism school of psychology in the United States?	
A)	John Watson	
B)	Edward Titchener	
C)	G. Stanley Hall	
D)	William James	

75.	Edward Titchener is known for:	
A)	establishing structuralism in the United States.	
B)	writing a devastating critique of the behaviourist works of B. F. Skinner.	
C)	establishing the functionalist concentration within psychology.	
D)	writing the first book on physiological psychology.	

76.	Whereas Wundt was interested in the relationship between the elements of consciousness, Titchener was interested in identifying the:	
A)	basic elements themselves.	
B)	functional value of those elements.	
C)	behavioural correlates of those elements.	
D)	cross-cultural differences in those elemental relationships.	

77.	Whereas _____ was interested in the relationship between the elements of consciousness, _____ was interested in identifying the basic elements themselves.	
A)	Titchener; Wundt	
B)	Wundt; Titchener	
C)	Wundt; James	
D)	Titchener; James	

78.	The unpredictable nature of results from introspection contributed to the decline of:	
A)	empiricism.	
B)	functionalism.	
C)	humanism.	
D)	structuralism.	

79.	The major reason why structuralism ultimately failed as a school of psychology was that:	
A)	by associating itself with Darwin, it drew harsh criticism from some religious authorities.	
B)	there was no evidence suggesting that Freud's theories were accurate.	
C)	the methods used by structuralists did not produce replicable observations.	
D)	it denied the existence of the mind.	

80.	All scientific disciplines require:	
A)	replicable observations.	
B)	adopting a nativist approach.	
C)	the use of subjective techniques.	
D)	theorizing from a dualistic perspective.	

81.	William James founded which school of psychology?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	behaviourism	
C)	functionalism	
D)	psychoanalysis	

82.	Which psychologist established functionalism as an approach to psychology?	
A)	James	
B)	Titchener	
C)	Wundt	
D)	Watson	

83.	An early approach to psychology that focused on how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environment is called:	
A)	structuralism.	
B)	social Darwinism.	
C)	functionalism.	
D)	behaviourism.	

84.	Which early school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance of mental processes?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	behaviourism	
D)	empiricism	

85.	William James is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.	
A)	functionalism; behaviourism	
B)	functionalism; structuralism	
C)	structuralism; behaviourism	
D)	structuralism; functionalism	

86.	Edward Titchener is to _____ as William James is to _____.	
A)	functionalism; behaviourism	
B)	functionalism; structuralism	
C)	structuralism; behaviourism	
D)	structuralism; functionalism	

87.	William James viewed consciousness as being similar to:	
A)	a flowing stream.	
B)	the parts of an atom.	
C)	an explanatory fiction.	
D)	the parts of a clock.	

88.	Which early psychologist used the metaphor of a flowing stream to describe consciousness?	
A)	Paul Broca	
B)	William James	
C)	Edward Titchener	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt	

89.	William James's school of functionalism was MOST influenced by the works of:	
A)	B. F. Skinner.	
B)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
C)	Charles Darwin.	
D)	René Descartes.	

90.	The functionalist approach was MOST influenced by the theory of:	
A)	phrenology.	
B)	nativism.	
C)	natural selection.	
D)	psychodynamics.	

91.	The theory known as _____ posits that traits which help organisms survive and reproduce are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations.	
A)	phrenology	
B)	nativism	
C)	natural selection	
D)	functionalism	

92.	Research participants are asked to rotate a three-dimensional object in their minds. William James would be MOST interested in which research question?	
A)	What are the subjective experiences of the participants as they do this task?	
B)	In what ways does the ability to manipulate objects in the mind aid problem solving in the real world?	
C)	At what age does this ability develop?	
D)	What are the unconscious processes underlying this task?	

93.	Studies have demonstrated that we attend to only a fraction of the sensory information that the brain receives. Based on this information, William James would be MOST interested in which research question?	
A)	What are the basic elements of sensory information?	
B)	Do unattended sensory experiences exist in the unconscious?	
C)	Will more information be perceived if participants are reinforced by cash incentives for better attention?	
D)	Why might it be advantageous for the mind to filter out most sensory information?	

94.	Wundt argued that James's approach to psychology was flawed because James:	
A)	relied too much on introspection as a research method.	
B)	did not conduct much laboratory research.	
C)	unnecessarily constrained his research to observable behaviour.	
D)	advocated a theory inconsistent with the tenets of natural selection.	

95.	James argued that Wundt's approach to psychology was limited because Wundt:	
A)	did not study consciousness as it functioned in the real world.	
B)	did not conduct much laboratory research.	
C)	unnecessarily constrained his research to observable behaviour.	
D)	advocated a theory inconsistent with the tenets of natural selection.	

96.	Who opened the FIRST psychological laboratory in North America?	
A)	G. Stanley Hall	
B)	William James	
C)	John Watson	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt	

97.	G. Stanley Hall is known for his contributions in the research areas of:	
A)	language and memory.	
B)	sensation and perception.	
C)	development and education.	
D)	reinforcement and punishment.	

98.	G. Stanley Hall is associated with which accomplishment?	
A)	opening the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879	
B)	starting the first journal devoted to publishing psychological research in the United States	
C)	founding the first psychological clinic	
D)	measuring the speed of a nervous impulse	

99.	G. Stanley Hall is associated with which accomplishment?	
A)	opening the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879	
B)	founding the first psychological clinic	
C)	measuring the speed of a nervous impulse	
D)	serving as the first president of the American Psychological Association	

100.	Based on his functionalist views, William James might be MOST interested in which research question related to test-taking anxiety?	
A)	Is test-taking anxiety related to generalized anxiety disorder?	
B)	Does anxiety provided motivation for increased study?	
C)	What do participants report when they introspect about failing an exam?	
D)	What brain regions are active when anxiety is experienced?	

101.	Based on his functionalist views, William James might be MOST interested to know which information about sleep?	
A)	the percentage of people who dream	
B)	the average number of hours per night that people sleep	
C)	the importance of sleep in forming long-term memories	
D)	the changes in brain electrical activity that co-occur with sleep stages	

102.	Psychologists and other mental health professionals working in outpatient clinics are referred to as:	
A)	doctors.	
B)	psychiatrists.	
C)	social workers.	
D)	clinicians.	

103.	Jasmine is a psychologist who treats patients with psychotherapy in an outpatient clinic. Jasmine's occupational label is that of a:	
A)	medical doctor (MD).	
B)	psychiatrist.	
C)	counselor.	
D)	clinician.	

104.	In the late 1800s, a temporary loss of cognitive or motor function, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences, was termed:	
A)	agoraphobia.	
B)	hysteria.	
C)	neurosis.	
D)	generalized anxiety.	

105.	Which definition BEST describes hysteria?	
A)	the emergence of multiple personalities as the result of an extreme stressor such as child abuse	
B)	a major depressive episode triggered by a major life event such as divorce	
C)	a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functioning as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences	
D)	generalized anxiety due to daily stressors	

106.	Jacqueline reports that she just has become blind in her left eye, although there is no medical cause. A clinician in the late 1800s would have diagnosed Jacqueline with:	
A)	hysteria.	
B)	neurosis.	
C)	projection.	
D)	repression.	

107.	Anne reports that after a heated argument with her spouse, her left leg has become paralyzed, although there is no medical cause. A clinician in the late 1800s would have diagnosed Anne with:	
A)	projection.	
B)	neurosis.	
C)	hysteria.	
D)	repression.	

108.	A trance-like state characterized by suggestibility is termed:	
A)	amnesia.	
B)	neurosis.	
C)	hysteria.	
D)	hypnosis.	

109.	In the late 1800s, Charcot and Janet noted that symptoms of hysteria were eliminated when patients:	
A)	were paid for not exhibiting those symptoms.	
B)	received electroconvulsive shock therapy.	
C)	were hypnotized.	
D)	introspected on the causes of their hysteria.	

110.	Anne reports that after a heated argument with her spouse, her left leg has become paralyzed, although there is no medical cause. Jean-Martin Charcot would have treated Anne's condition with:	
A)	hypnosis.	
B)	free association.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	conditioning.	

111.	The importance of the clinical work of Charcot and Janet was MOST recognized by which psychologist?	
A)	Wundt	
B)	Titchener	
C)	Pavlov	
D)	James	

112.	William James believed that the peculiar disorders described by Charcot and Janet suggested that:	
A)	hypnosis may be a superior technique to introspection in identifying the building blocks of consciousness.	
B)	psychological disorders are too idiosyncratic to be a proper subject matter for psychology.	
C)	the brain can create many conscious selves that are not aware of each other's existence.	
D)	functionalism cannot be applied as a conceptual framework for understanding psychological disorders.	

113.	Which pioneer of clinical psychology studied with and was influenced by the works of Charcot?	
A)	Rogers	
B)	Freud	
C)	Maslow	
D)	Jung	

114.	The term _____ comes from the Latin word for womb.	
A)	hypnosis	
B)	unconscious	
C)	hysteria	
D)	humanism	

115.	Freud emphasized that the problems of many patients could be traced to:	
A)	effects of painful childhood experiences that could not be remembered.	
B)	"mind bugs," or curious failures of otherwise adaptive cognitive processes.	
C)	feelings of shame and inadequacy acquired during adolescent sexual development.	
D)	maladaptive patterns of behaviour that could be observed during infancy.	

116.	Which statement is NOT a reason why psychoanalysis gradually lost influence within psychology?	
A)	It failed to advance from a theory to a clinical practice.	
B)	Its themes of unconscious sexual motivations were too risqué for scientific discussion.	
C)	Freud's theories were difficult to test.	
D)	There was a rise of humanistic psychologists who opposed Freud's pessimistic view of humanity.	

117.	Sigmund Freud is to William James as _____ is/are to _____.	
A)	the elements of the unconscious; the basic elements of consciousness	
B)	psychoanalysis; behaviourism	
C)	humanism; functionalism	
D)	psychoanalysis; functionalism	

118.	Freud termed the _____ as the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.	
A)	preconscious	
B)	unconscious	
C)	self-conscious	
D)	subconscious	

119.	The theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviours is called:	
A)	Gestalt theory.	
B)	structuralism.	
C)	functionalism.	
D)	psychoanalytic theory.	

120.	Carrie is working with a patient to uncover the patient's early experiences as well as trying to bring unconscious anxieties and conflicts into awareness. Carrie is using which approach to work with her patient?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	psychoanalytic	
C)	Gestalt	
D)	humanistic	

121.	Dr. Rivera believes that psychological disorders arise largely from unconscious processes. In his work with clients, he tries to pull repressed memories out of the unconscious and into the light of day where they can be resolved. Dr. Rivera adopts a _____ approach to therapy.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	Gestalt	
C)	psychoanalytic	
D)	humanistic	

122.	Psychoanalysis focuses on:	
A)	the adaptability of certain psychological disorders.	
B)	deconstructing consciousness into its component parts.	
C)	bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness.	
D)	ways to banish anxiety into the unconscious.	

123.	Which pioneer of clinical psychology is associated with psychoanalysis?	
A)	Freud	
B)	Maslow	
C)	Rogers	
D)	James	

124.	Which psychologist was NOT part of the psychoanalytic movement?	
A)	Sigmund Freud	
B)	Alfred Adler	
C)	Carl Jung	
D)	Carl Rogers	

125.	Psychoanalysis became quite controversial in North American culture because it:	
A)	proposed that behaviour was governed, in part, by unconscious sexual desires.	
B)	lacked empirical support for its effectiveness.	
C)	denied the existence of the mind and human free will.	
D)	focused only on observable behaviour and ignored the role of cognition.	

126.	Professor Malone believes that much of human behaviour is governed by unconscious sexual desires. Her conceptual framework is MOST consistent with:	
A)	behaviourism.	
B)	psychoanalysis.	
C)	humanism.	
D)	functionalism.	

127.	Professor Morales adopts a psychoanalytic conceptualization of personality. She believes that different personality types:	
A)	are genetically based traits.	
B)	simply are summary terms for a variety of learned behaviours.	
C)	arise from attempting to meet the needs of unconscious sexual desires.	
D)	emerge on our quest for self-actualization.	

128.	Within psychology, psychoanalysis had its greatest influence on:	
A)	cognitive psychology.	
B)	clinical practice.	
C)	developmental psychology.	
D)	social psychology.	

129.	Gia is a "flower child" living in the late 1960s. She is having some problems with depression and would like to talk to a therapist about realizing her full potential. She is MOST likely to resonate to which type of psychological therapy?	
A)	behavioural	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychoanalytic	
D)	humanistic	

130.	Freud's view of human nature was largely _____, whereas the view of humanistic psychologists was largely _____.	
A)	objective; subjective	
B)	optimistic; pessimistic	
C)	negative; positive	
D)	positive; negative	

131.	A psychological approach that stressed a person's potential for positive growth was developed by:	
A)	Freud and Jung.	
B)	Skinner and Watson.	
C)	Rogers and Maslow.	
D)	Gall and Broca.	

132.	The branch of psychology that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is called:	
A)	humanistic.	
B)	Gestalt.	
C)	cognitive.	
D)	idealistic.	

133.	Mariah is a teacher and believes that all her students have an inherent need to develop, grow, and reach their full potential. Mariah's beliefs are best characterized by which approach?	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	behaviourism	
C)	psychoanalysis	
D)	humanistic	

134.	Dr. Harrison is a clinical psychologist who believes his clients struggling with psychological disorders are free agents who can overcome these challenges and reach their full potential. Dr. Harrison's beliefs are BEST characterized by which approach?	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	humanistic	
C)	psychoanalysis	
D)	cognitive	

135.	The term patient is to psychoanalysis as the term client is to:	
A)	cognition.	
B)	behaviourism.	
C)	humanism.	
D)	functionalism.	

136.	Humanistic therapists help their clients:	
A)	realize their full potential by nurturing their psychological growth and development.	
B)	banish anxiety-provoking events into the unconscious.	
C)	deal with repressed events by pulling them out of the unconscious.	
D)	recognize and correct illogical patterns of thinking.	

137.	An approach advocating that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour is called:	
A)	objectivism.	
B)	behaviourism.	
C)	absolutism.	
D)	relativism.	

138.	_____ advocates the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour.	
A)	Functionalism	
B)	Structuralism	
C)	Behaviourism	
D)	Psychoanalysis	

139.	In terms of its subject matter for analysis, which school of psychology MOST differs from the others?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	functionalism	
C)	psychoanalysis	
D)	behaviourism	

140.	Structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis all were similar in that advocates of position:	
A)	sought to identify the building blocks of consciousness.	
B)	believed that consciousness was best described metaphorically as a flowing river.	
C)	attempted to understand the inner workings of the mind.	
D)	believed that human behaviour was determined largely by unconscious forces.	

141.	Why did behaviourism gain popularity as an approach to psychology?	
A)	It was a reaction to the pessimistic view of human nature espoused by psychoanalytic theory.	
B)	Humanistic psychologists had failed to develop effective treatments.	
C)	It advocated for a nurturing and development of the mind by rewarding healthy patterns of thinking.	
D)	It is difficult to know what is going on in people's minds.	

142.	"You don't know what she thinks, but you know how she acts." This statement characterizes which approach?	
A)	psychoanalysis	
B)	humanism	
C)	behaviourism	
D)	Gestalt	

143.	Hector doesn't believe that mental processes can be studied scientifically because they are too subjective. Rather, psychological studies that constrain themselves only to what people actually do appeal to him. Hector's views are consistent with which approach?	
A)	psychoanalysis	
B)	structuralism	
C)	functionalism	
D)	behaviourism	

144.	William James is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.	
A)	functionalism; behaviourism	
B)	functionalism; structuralism	
C)	structuralism; behaviourism	
D)	structuralism; functionalism	

145.	Edward Titchener is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.	
A)	functionalism; behaviourism	
B)	functionalism; structuralism	
C)	structuralism; behaviourism	
D)	structuralism; functionalism	

146.	Watson criticized the introspective methods of the structuralists and functionalists primarily because:	
A)	the use of these methods necessitated a belief in the existence of mental events.	
B)	introspection cannot produce replicable and objective measures required by science.	
C)	the stimulus-response introspective model was overly simplistic.	
D)	reaction time was an unreliable dependent measure.	

147.	"The goal of scientific psychology should be to predict and control behaviour that benefits society." This statement is associated with which psychologist?	
A)	Freud	
B)	Washburn	
C)	Watson	
D)	Rogers	

148.	According to John Watson, the goal of a scientific psychology was to:	
A)	predict and control behaviour.	
B)	understand both the structure and function of consciousness.	
C)	determine the neural mechanisms underlying behaviour and thought.	
D)	ease psychological distress and help people reach their fullest potential.	

149.	The first woman to receive a PhD degree in psychology, and the author of the book The Animal Mind, was:	
A)	Rosalie Rayner.	
B)	Anna Freud.	
C)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
D)	Mary Whiton Calkins.	

150.	The work of animal behaviour specialist Margaret Washburn was:	
A)	warmly received by John Watson for thoroughly describing animals' perceptual and memory processes.	
B)	critical to the development of the theories of B. F. Skinner.	
C)	instrumental to Ivan Pavlov's research on conditioning.	
D)	intellectually attacked by John Watson for ascribing conscious mental experiences to animals.	

151.	Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is BEST known for his experiments:	
A)	conditioning a salivation response in dogs to environmental stimuli.	
B)	measuring the speed at which a bell can be perceived in a dog's auditory cortex.	
C)	demonstrating the effectiveness of positive reinforcement in dogs.	
D)	investigating salivation in dogs when the olfactory bulb is surgically removed.	

152.	In Pavlov's research, a tone was sounded prior to delivering food to hungry dogs. After a number of trials, what did Pavlov notice?	
A)	The dogs salivated prior to the tone being sounded.	
B)	The dogs salivated to the sound of the tone alone.	
C)	The dogs salivated only after the food was presented.	
D)	The dogs began doing spontaneous tricks as soon as the tone sounded.	

153.	In Pavlov's research, the sound of a tone was a _____ for salivating.	
A)	stimulus	
B)	response	
C)	construal	
D)	reinforcer	

154.	In Pavlov's research, the sight of the animal feeders was a _____ for the dogs to salivate.	
A)	reinforcer	
B)	response	
C)	construal	
D)	stimulus	

155.	In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a:	
A)	stimulus.	
B)	response.	
C)	construal of a stimulus.	
D)	reinforcer.	

156.	If you are having trouble finding your cat, you may try shaking the can that contains its treats. The sound of the treats as you shake the can would be a:	
A)	response.	
B)	stimulus.	
C)	reaction.	
D)	reinforcer.	

157.	When Tori's smartphone beeps, she checks it. The beep is an example of a:	
A)	response.	
B)	sensation.	
C)	stimulus.	
D)	reinforcer.	

158.	When Tori's smartphone beeps, she checks it. Checking her phone at the sound of the beep is an example of a:	
A)	response.	
B)	sensation.	
C)	stimulus.	
D)	reinforcer.	

159.	When the light comes on in his car indicating that gas is low, Jason drives to the nearest gas station. The indicator light is an example of a:	
A)	reinforcer.	
B)	sensation.	
C)	stimulus.	
D)	response.	

160.	Olivia turns on the air conditioning when it gets too hot in the house. Olivia's actions are a _____ controlled by the _____ of heat.	
A)	response; stimulus	
B)	stimulus; response	
C)	response; reinforcer	
D)	stimulus; reinforcer	

161.	The behaviourism of John Watson has been described as _____ psychology.	
A)	animal	
B)	stimulus–response	
C)	subjective	
D)	humanistic	

162.	Which psychologist is MOST associated with stimulus-response psychology?	
A)	B. F. Skinner	
B)	William James	
C)	John Watson	
D)	Margaret Floy Washburn	

163.	Response is to stimulus as the:	
A)	firing of a gun at the start of the race is to running.	
B)	scurrying of a white rat at his feet is to fear in Little Albert.	
C)	pressing of the brakes is to a red traffic light.	
D)	ringing of the alarm clock is to rolling out of bed.	

164.	Response is to stimulus as:	
A)	an e-mail notification is to checking your messages.	
B)	being startled is to a loud noise.	
C)	a red light is to hitting the brakes.	
D)	a funny story is to a smile.	

165.	Who conditioned a fear of a harmless white rat in "Little Albert"?	
A)	Ivan Pavlov	
B)	Sigmund Freud	
C)	B. F. Skinner	
D)	John Watson	

166.	"Little Albert" was a:	
A)	human infant.	
B)	dog.	
C)	white rat.	
D)	rabbit.	

167.	John Watson conditioned Little Albert to fear a:	
A)	snake.	
B)	crying baby.	
C)	loud noise.	
D)	white rat.	

168.	Every time friendly dogs approach her toddler at the park, a very overprotective parent whisks her son away and yells, "Stay away from the dog!" After a few of these experiences, the toddler starts crying at the mere sight of dogs. The parent has unknowingly replicated the classic research of which psychologist?	
A)	William James	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn	
C)	B. F. Skinner	
D)	John Watson	

169.	Which statement about John Watson is CORRECT?	
A)	He completely denied the existence of mental events.	
B)	He denied that genetic factors influence behaviour.	
C)	He believed that environmental factors were the most important influences on behaviour.	
D)	He believed that nature was more important than nurture in determining behaviour.	

170.	William James is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.	
A)	Charles Darwin; Ivan Pavlov	
B)	Wilhelm Wundt; B. F. Skinner	
C)	Edward Titchener; Rosalie Rayner	
D)	B. F. Skinner; Margaret Floy Washburn	

171.	Leslie thinks that we learn to act in certain ways because of the consequences of our behaviour. Her belief is probably influenced by the findings of:	
A)	William James.	
B)	Sigmund Freud.	
C)	B. F. Skinner.	
D)	Abraham Maslow.	

172.	Which statement is a characteristic of Skinner's teaching machines?	
A)	It provided monetary reinforcement for each question answered correctly.	
B)	It increased the difficulty of questions based on students' reaction times.	
C)	It provided immediate feedback as to whether the question was answered correctly or incorrectly.	
D)	It decreased the difficulty of the next question if the previous question was answered correctly.	

173.	In his best-selling book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, _____ argued that behaviour is determined by its consequences and that free will is an illusion.	
A)	Abraham Maslow	
B)	B. F. Skinner	
C)	Ivan Pavlov	
D)	Carl Rogers	

174.	Skinner's rat is to _____, as Pavlov's dog is to _____.	
A)	nurture; nature	
B)	active; passive	
C)	stimulus; response	
D)	response; reinforcer	

175.	Who invented a conditioning chamber in which rats pressed levers to earn food rewards?	
A)	Ivan Pavlov	
B)	B. F. Skinner	
C)	John Watson	
D)	G. Stanley Hall	

176.	A husband and wife observe a toddler throwing a temper tantrum at a toy store. The husband comments under his breath, "What an annoying little beast!" His wife, noticing that the mother of the toddler just gave the boy a toy to calm him down, states, "It's not his fault. He's behaving exactly as _____ would predict."	
A)	William James	
B)	B. F. Skinner	
C)	Ivan Pavlov	
D)	John Watson	

177.	When 4-year-old Isabel hears the sound of the ice cream truck's music, she runs outside in hopes of getting another ice cream bar. The ice cream bar is a _____ running outside when she hears the music.	
A)	response to	
B)	stimulus that elicits	
C)	reinforcement for	
D)	construal that triggers	

178.	Sandy's children would accidentally drop pieces of food under the table during family dinners, so Sandy's dog Lola learned to sit under the dinner table as a good place to receive food. Lola's behaviour has been influenced by:	
A)	consciousness.	
B)	reinforcement.	
C)	punishment.	
D)	reaction time.	

179.	Which scenario represents the principle of reinforcement?	
A)	doing the same thing over and over again regardless of the consequences	
B)	blinking when a particle lands in your eye	
C)	studying hard because it results in good grades	
D)	introspecting about a pleasurable experience in your life	

180.	John Watson was interested in how _____ behaviour, and B. F. Skinner focused on how _____ control(s) behaviour.	
A)	reinforcers strengthen; free will	
B)	emotions trigger; reinforcers	
C)	stimuli produce; mental processes	
D)	stimuli elicit; consequences	

181.	Which psychologist is associated with the development of teaching machines that increase the difficulty of the next question if the previous one was answered correctly?	
A)	John Watson	
B)	William James	
C)	G. Stanley Hall	
D)	B. F. Skinner	

182.	In his best-selling book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, B. F. Skinner argued that behaviour is:	
A)	an outcome of the innate capacity of persons to choose freely.	
B)	partly the result of a limited free will that has evolved as a result of natural selection.	
C)	completely determined by genetic factors and free will is an illusion.	
D)	determined largely by its consequences and free will is an illusion.	

183.	Beginning in the 1950s, behaviourism began to receive intense criticism. Which statement is NOT one of the criticisms against behaviourism?	
A)	It ignores the mental processes underlying behaviour.	
B)	It uses subjective measures in its research.	
C)	It ignores the role of evolutionary history on behaviour.	
D)	It presents an inadequate account of language development.	

184.	Beginning in the 1950s, behaviourism began to receive intense criticism. Which statement is NOT one of the criticisms against behaviourism?	
A)	It proved inadequate in predicting and controlling behaviour.	
B)	It ignored cognitive events underlying behaviour.	
C)	It underestimated the role of genetic factors on behaviour.	
D)	It had difficulty explaining the development of language in humans.	

185.	A university student taking introductory psychology decides to test Piaget's theories of mental development on his 10-year-old sister, who loves hot dogs and is very hungry. He shows her two hot dogs. Then, while she is watching, he breaks one of the hot dogs in half. He asks if she would like one hot dog (the intact hot dog) or two hot dogs (the hot dog cut in half). Consistent with Piaget's findings, the girl probably will:	
A)	select the intact hot dog.	
B)	select the hot dog cut in half.	
C)	state that both choices are the same.	
D)	become confused and have trouble deciding.	

186.	A cognitive psychologist who argued that it wasn't an environmental stimulus, but rather the subjective experience—or construal—of the stimulus that led to behaviour, was:	
A)	Karl Lashley.	
B)	John Watson.	
C)	Kurt Lewin.	
D)	Noam Chomsky.	

187.	Errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality are called:	
A)	memory lapses.	
B)	Gestalts.	
C)	Freudian slips.	
D)	illusions.	

188.	When you go to a movie theater that uses film projection, you might see the fast movement of a superhero flying through the air. What you are really seeing is a series of still photographs flashed quickly onto the screen. What area of psychology studied this phenomenon?	
A)	structuralism	
B)	Gestalt	
C)	functionalism	
D)	behaviourism	

189.	Gestalt psychologists used _____ to show how perception of a whole object or scene can influence judgements about its individual elements.	
A)	illusions	
B)	visual hallucinations	
C)	reinforcement	
D)	dream analysis	

190.	_____ pioneered the Gestalt psychology movement.	
A)	Max Wertheimer	
B)	Frederic Bartlett	
C)	Kurt Lewin	
D)	Hermann Ebbinghaus	

191.	Gestalt psychologists believed that:	
A)	visual illusions are caused by faulty thinking.	
B)	the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.	
C)	images are produced in different parts of the brain.	
D)	hallucinations are the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain.	

192.	Through research on visual illusions, Gestalt psychologists demonstrated that:	
A)	visual illusions can be used as screens for psychological disorders.	
B)	visual illusions allow access to the unconscious mind.	
C)	the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.	
D)	the mind often fails to perceive a unified whole from a disjointed image.	

193.	A train is passing by, but Jean's view of it is partially obstructed by traffic. According to Gestalt psychologists, he nevertheless perceives a unified single train because:	
A)	a long train conjures repressed sexuality in the unconscious.	
B)	in the past, he has been reinforced for perceiving in this way.	
C)	the train stimulus simply evoked this sensory response.	
D)	the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.	

194.	We perceive the lights on a quickly blinking neon sign to be in motion, a phenomenon studied by which psychologists?	
A)	Gestalt	
B)	humanists	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behaviourists	

195.	Hermann Ebbinghaus is BEST known for research involving:	
A)	interpreting the flashing light illusion.	
B)	memorizing nonsense syllables.	
C)	inventing a conditioning chamber.	
D)	examining cognitive errors in children.	

196.	Which pioneer of cognitive psychology conducted research on memory in which he memorized lists of nonsense syllables?	
A)	Frederic Bartlett	
B)	Jean Piaget	
C)	Hermann Ebbinghaus	
D)	Max Wertheimer	

197.	Frederic Bartlett differed from Hermann Ebbinghaus in that Bartlett believed:	
A)	memory is an unobservable construct that cannot be empirically studied.	
B)	memory operates like a photographic reproduction of past experience.	
C)	nonsense syllables should be used in memory research to control for previous learning.	
D)	memory studies should involve information that people encounter in everyday life.	

198.	Dee and Soleila watch a YouTube clip of "Mrs. Memory" reciting pi for thousands of digits. Dee is impressed, but Soleila wonders if Mrs. Memory can remember what her husband asked her to purchase at the grocery store. Soleila's concern echoes _____ critique of the research of _____.	
A)	Noam Chomsky's; B. F. Skinner	
B)	John Watson's; William James	
C)	Frederic Bartlett's; Hermann Ebbinghaus	
D)	Kurt Lewin's; B. F. Skinner	

199.	Frederic Bartlett's research on memory demonstrated that people tend to remember:	
A)	what actually happened instead of what should have happened.	
B)	what should have happened instead of what actually happened.	
C)	nonsense syllables with more accuracy than meaningful words.	
D)	meaningful words with more accuracy than nonsense syllables.	

200.	A memory expert testifies in court for the defence that the eyewitness testimony should be given less importance because it is contaminated with biases. The expert is articulating the position FIRST advanced by:	
A)	Max Weirtheimer.	
B)	Hermann Ebbinghaus.	
C)	Jean Piaget.	
D)	Frederic Bartlett.	

201.	A cognitive psychologist who studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind was:	
A)	Jean Piaget.	
B)	Frederic Bartlett.	
C)	Kurt Lewin.	
D)	Max Wertheimer.	

202.	Jean Piaget attempted to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind by studying:	
A)	how memories are contaminated by prior knowledge.	
B)	the perceptual and cognitive errors of children.	
C)	the rate at which forgetting occurs.	
D)	perceptual illusions in adults.	

203.	A university student taking introductory psychology decides to test Piaget's theories of mental development on her 3-year-old brother who loves hot dogs and is very hungry. She shows him two hot dogs. Then, while he is watching, she breaks one of the hot dogs in half. She asks if he would like one hot dog (the intact hot dog) or two hot dogs (the hot dog cut in half). Consistent with Piaget's findings, the child:	
A)	selects the intact hot dog.	
B)	selects the hot dog cut in half.	
C)	says she is silly because both are the same.	
D)	becomes confused and starts crying.	

204.	Which topic is LEAST likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?	
A)	attention	
B)	memory	
C)	decision making	
D)	conformity	

205.	Which topic is LEAST likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?	
A)	attention	
B)	memory	
C)	reinforcement	
D)	perception	

206.	A teacher praises a student for asking a good question. Which psychologist would state that the effect of praise on subsequent behaviour depended on the student's subjective experience of it?	
A)	B. F. Skinner	
B)	Kurt Lewin	
C)	Jean Piaget	
D)	Frederic Bartlett	

207.	Psychologist Kurt Lewin believed that stimulus–response psychology was too simplistic to predict human behaviour. In his theories, he inserted which terms between stimulus and response?	
A)	construal of the stimulus	
B)	structure of the stimulus	
C)	reinforcement by the stimulus	
D)	informational value of the stimulus	

208.	According to Kurt Lewin, a construal is:	
A)	a physical property of the stimulus.	
B)	the observable response to the stimulus.	
C)	a perceptual illusion that commonly occurs to visual stimuli.	
D)	the subjective meaning of the stimulus.	

209.	Psychologist Kurt Lewin used a special mathematical theory called _____ to model the subjective experiences of the mind.	
A)	relativity	
B)	quantum theory	
C)	game theory	
D)	topology	

210.	The advent of _____ in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of cognitive psychology.	
A)	statistical programming	
B)	television	
C)	conditioning chambers	
D)	computers	

211.	The advent of computers in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of _____ psychology.	
A)	behavioural	
B)	Gestalt	
C)	cognitive	
D)	social	

212.	The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning, is called:	
A)	behavioural neuroscience.	
B)	physiology.	
C)	cognitive psychology.	
D)	mental psychology.	

213.	Who wrote the landmark book entitled Cognitive Psychology (1967)?	
A)	George Miller	
B)	Noam Chomsky	
C)	Donald Broadbent	
D)	Ulric Neisser	

214.	Ulrich Neisser's landmark book published in 1967 provided a foundation for the field of _____ psychology.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	clinical	
D)	social	

215.	In the early 1940s, the pressing need of the _____ for more research on attention, memory, and decision making was an early impetus behind the movement away from behaviourism.	
A)	American Psychological Association	
B)	military	
C)	film industry	
D)	automobile industry	

216.	By studying pilots, Donald Broadbent investigated the:	
A)	limited capacity of the mind when attention is divided.	
B)	possibility of creating a computerized artificial intelligence.	
C)	effects of sleep deprivation on performance.	
D)	optical illusions that underlie airline accidents.	

217.	The pioneering research of Donald Broadbent is MOST relevant to:	
A)	driving while sleep-deprived.	
B)	texting and driving.	
C)	remembering directions.	
D)	automobile accidents at night.	

218.	The pioneering research of Donald Broadbent is MOST relevant to:	
A)	the effects of sleep on exam performance.	
B)	cramming for an exam.	
C)	test-taking anxiety.	
D)	the difficulties of studying while distracted.	

219.	George Miller discovered that we can briefly hold in memory only about _____ (give or take two) pieces of information at any given time.	
A)	three	
B)	five	
C)	seven	
D)	nine	

220.	We can only work with about seven pieces of information in memory at any given time. This limit was discovered by which pioneer of memory research?	
A)	George Miller	
B)	Frederic Bartlett	
C)	Donald Broadbent	
D)	Noam Chomsky	

221.	The research of George Miller explains why Jeff has difficulty remembering:	
A)	information learned in a social studies course 5 years ago.	
B)	events before he was 3 years old.	
C)	the names of 12 people to whom he was just introduced.	
D)	what he ate for breakfast last Wednesday.	

222.	The research of George Miller explains why Joel has difficulty remembering:	
A)	how to begin a geometric proof of a theorem.	
B)	the list of 10 items his roommate told him to purchase at the grocery store.	
C)	how to conjugate irregular verbs in Spanish.	
D)	what he wore to the last school dance.	

223.	In the 1950s, the advent of computers had an enormous influence on how psychologists conceptualized the mind. In this conceptualization, the brain was analogous to:	
A)	computer hardware.	
B)	computer software.	
C)	an electrical source.	
D)	programming language.	

224.	In the 1950s, the advent of computers had an enormous influence on how psychologists conceptualized the mind. In this conceptualization, the mind was analogous to:	
A)	computer hardware.	
B)	computer software.	
C)	an electrical source.	
D)	data-storage devices.	

225.	According to cognitive psychologists, computer hardware is to software as:	
A)	brain is to mind.	
B)	mind is to brain.	
C)	mind is to language.	
D)	language is to mind.	

226.	According to cognitive psychologists, computer software is to hardware as:	
A)	brain is to mind.	
B)	mind is to brain.	
C)	mind is to language.	
D)	language is to mind.	

227.	Which linguist published a devastating critique of Skinner's theory of language development?	
A)	George Miller	
B)	Noam Chomsky	
C)	Donald Broadbent	
D)	Ulric Neisser	

228.	A behavioural account of language development, entitled Verbal Behaviour (1957), was written by:	
A)	B. F. Skinner.	
B)	Noam Chomsky.	
C)	John Watson.	
D)	Ulric Neisser.	

229.	B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behaviour (1957) attempts to provide a(n) _____ account of language.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	behavioural	
D)	sociocultural	

230.	According to Chomsky, which observation of language in children challenges a behavioural account?	
A)	Children can generate new grammatically correct sentences.	
B)	Young children tend to repeat what they just heard.	
C)	If you give a child a cookie every time they say "please," they will say "please" more often.	
D)	Grammar rules are highly individualistic and the result of childhood learning experiences.	

231.	According to Chomsky, which observation of language challenges a behavioural account?	
A)	It is more difficult to learn a second language as one ages.	
B)	Deficits in speech production in developing children can be overcome with an intense individualized education plan.	
C)	Different languages are spoken around the world.	
D)	Speech that has never before been reinforced nevertheless occurs frequently.	

232.	A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity is:	
A)	cognitive neuroscience.	
B)	cognitive psychotherapy.	
C)	physiological psychology.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

233.	Kerrie wants to understand how perceptions, beliefs, and memories activate different regions in the brain. Which field of psychology would you suggest Kerrie explore?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	behavioural neuroscience	
C)	evolutionary psychology	
D)	cognitive neuroscience	

234.	The French physician Paul Broca discovered a brain region that was associated with the:	
A)	production and understanding of speech.	
B)	production of speech.	
C)	understanding of speech.	
D)	ability to understand novel speech.	

235.	Jamie suffered a stroke and damaged her Broca's area. Jamie will have problems:	
A)	reading out loud.	
B)	understanding the plot of her favorite television show.	
C)	remembering the names of her family members.	
D)	recognizing facial emotions.	

236.	Esa suffered a stroke and damaged her Broca's area. Esa will have problems:	
A)	understanding a verbal instruction.	
B)	distinguishing among different dialects.	
C)	matching names to faces.	
D)	producing speech.	

237.	Which early neuropsychologist trained rats to run mazes, surgically removed parts of their brains, and then measured how well they could run the maze again?	
A)	Noam Chomsky	
B)	Karl Lashley	
C)	Jean Piaget	
D)	Paul Broca	

238.	Karl Lashley's early neuroscientific research sought to identify the specific brain region:	
A)	underlying grammar rules.	
B)	involved in speech production.	
C)	responsible for rats learning to navigate a maze.	
D)	responsible for visual perception.	

239.	After conducting repeated experiments in which he first trained rats to navigate a maze and then removed tiny sections of their brains to see if that brain region eliminated learning, Lashley reported that:	
A)	learning the maze could be erased by removing a tiny section of Broca's area.	
B)	the memory of the maze was localized in the right hemisphere of the brain.	
C)	the memory of the maze was localized in the left hemisphere of the brain.	
D)	no one brain region seemed to uniquely and reliably eliminate maze learning.	

240.	After training rats to successfully navigate a maze, Karl Lashley sought to determine the precise spot in the brain where the learning occurred by:	
A)	surgically removing tiny sections of the brain and then retesting the rats.	
B)	giving the rats experimental drugs that target specific brain areas and then retesting the rats.	
C)	studying differences in dendritic density in various brain regions under a microscope after the rats' death.	
D)	studying the rats running the maze while connected to a recorder that measured brain electrical activity.	

241.	Which approach to psychology links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	cognitive psychotherapy	
C)	behavioural neuroscience	
D)	evolutionary psychology	

242.	Which research question is MOST relevant to behavioural neuroscience?	
A)	What brain mechanisms underlie complex decision making?	
B)	What brain mechanisms underlie reinforcement and punishment?	
C)	What brain mechanisms are responsible for long-term memory?	
D)	What are some evolutionary adaptations of the brain?	

243.	Amanda seeks to understand the brain functions underlying reward and punishment. Amanda is MOST likely a(n):	
A)	behaviourist.	
B)	evolutionary psychologist.	
C)	cognitive neuroscientist.	
D)	behavioural neuroscientist.	

244.	Chloe seeks to understand the brain functions associated with coordinated movement. Chloe is MOST likely a(n):	
A)	behaviourist.	
B)	evolutionary psychologist.	
C)	cognitive neuroscientist.	
D)	behavioural neuroscientist.	

245.	Research using scanning technology of the brain has demonstrated that, when a person who has been deaf from birth learns American Sign Language at an early age, that person uses _____ hemisphere when communicating with American Sign Language.	
A)	the left	
B)	the right	
C)	both the right and the left	
D)	neither the right nor the left	

246.	How might an evolutionary psychologist explain the fact that people tend to enjoy high-fat food?	
A)	When food was scarce in our ancestral past, people who ate high-fat food tended to obtain the calories that they needed to survive and, ultimately, reproduce.	
B)	High-fat food activates areas in the brain corresponding to reward.	
C)	Over one's lifetime, many interpersonal relationships revolve around eating these "comfort" food items.	
D)	Although eating high-fat food resulted in great mortality rates among our ancestors, the availability of medication today allows people to consume larger amounts of high-fat food.	

247.	The emergence of evolutionary psychology as a recent psychological discipline is largely credited to the work of the biologist:	
A)	G. Stanley Hall.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	E. O. Wilson.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

248.	Rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association than a light-sickness association, suggesting that rats have:	
A)	an inability to associate a light with any consequence.	
B)	evolved to not associate lights with smell.	
C)	learned some associations more easily than others because of natural selection.	
D)	evolved to easily associate sickness with any stimulus in their environment.	

249.	Rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association than a light-sickness association, suggesting that:	
A)	genetic factors are a relatively unimportant component of learning.	
B)	rats have evolved to not associate lights with smell.	
C)	behaviour is, in part, the product of the learning experiences of our ancestors.	
D)	rats have had more learning opportunities to associate smell with sickness.	

250.	_____ demonstrated that rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association than a light-sickness association.	
A)	Karl Lashley	
B)	John Garcia	
C)	E. O. Wilson	
D)	Charles Darwin	

251.	Kayla doesn't know it yet, but she has just contracted a stomach virus from her roommate Beverly. Kayla puts on a new dress and goes on a first date with Jermaine, where they eat oysters. Later that night, Kayla becomes violently ill. Kayla is MOST likely to associate the sickness with:	
A)	the oysters.	
B)	Beverly.	
C)	Jermaine.	
D)	her new dress.	

252.	Six-year-old Michael eats teriyaki chicken for the first time at a Japanese restaurant and shortly thereafter becomes nauseous during the car ride home. The sickness is actually due to his catching a virus from his older brother Patrick. Michael is MOST likely to associate the sickness with:	
A)	Patrick.	
B)	the teriyaki flavor.	
C)	the sign outside the Japanese restaurant.	
D)	riding in the car.	

253.	What type of psychology explains mind and behaviour in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection?	
A)	behaviourism	
B)	physiological psychology	
C)	evolutionary psychology	
D)	cognitive neuroscience	

254.	The psychological approach that emphasizes the mind is a collection of specialized components that are designed to overcome problems our ancestors faced over millions of years is:	
A)	psychoanalysis.	
B)	existential psychology.	
C)	cultural psychology.	
D)	evolutionary psychology.	

255.	According to evolutionary psychology, jealousy:	
A)	hindered reproduction in our ancestors through a decrease in "jealous genes."	
B)	aided reproductive success in our ancestors.	
C)	facilitates reproductive success today.	
D)	hinders the ability to attract but facilitates the ability to keep a mate today.	

256.	Dr. O'Leary believes that most young men prefer to choose young, healthy women for their life partners because doing so boosts their chances for producing healthy offspring. This outlook illustrates the _____ perspective.	
A)	cultural	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	behavioural	
D)	developmental	

257.	Which research question is MOST consistent with the historical events that inspired the research of Gordon Allport?	
A)	How does media coverage of racially charged events affect implicit biases or prejudices?	
B)	What learning experiences led to the heroism demonstrated by first responders to the World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001?	
C)	Why do otherwise decent people commit evil acts when ordered to by a totalitarian regime?	
D)	Do people become more liberal or conservative when faced with economic hardship?	

258.	Which research question is MOST consistent with the historical events that inspired the research of Gordon Allport?	
A)	Do opposites really attract?	
B)	How does wealth affect happiness?	
C)	Why are suicide bombers willing to sacrifice their lives?	
D)	Do fans of professional football stereotype the fans of rival teams?	

259.	The study of the causes and consequences of sociality is called:	
A)	cultural psychology.	
B)	cognitive psychology.	
C)	sociobiology.	
D)	social psychology.	

260.	Dr. Aguilera studies the influence of peer pressure on adolescents. Which area of psychology does her research BEST represent?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	social psychology	
C)	clinical psychology	
D)	cultural psychology	

261.	Dr. Cover studies the benefits and undesirable outcomes of stereotyping. Which area of psychology does her research BEST represent?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	social psychology	
C)	clinical psychology	
D)	cultural psychology	

262.	Raymond wants to learn the most effective techniques to make a favorable first impression. Raymond might want to take a course in _____ psychology.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	cultural	
C)	clinical	
D)	social	

263.	Veronica wants to learn if opposites really do attract. She might want to take a course in _____ psychology.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	cultural	
C)	clinical	
D)	social	

264.	The birth of social psychology is credited to:	
A)	E. O. Wilson.	
B)	Kurt Lewin.	
C)	Margaret Mead.	
D)	Norman Triplett.	

265.	The research of Norman Triplett constitutes what is now recognized as the birth of _____ psychology.	
A)	social	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	cultural	
D)	Gestalt	

266.	Which research question is MOST consistent with the historical events that inspired the research of Solomon Asch?	
A)	Does diversity increase or decrease workplace productivity?	
B)	How has Hollywood changed our perceptions of feminine beauty?	
C)	Why do otherwise decent people commit evil acts when ordered to by a totalitarian regime?	
D)	Do people become more liberal or conservative when faced with economic hardship?	

267.	Norman Triplett reported that children reeled in a fishing line:	
A)	faster if other children were present.	
B)	faster if they were by themselves.	
C)	at different rates depending on their culture.	
D)	at different rates depending on their gender.	

268.	Which observation by Norman Triplett led to the birth of social psychology?	
A)	People who are more attractive tend to make more money.	
B)	People who smile more are generally regarded as more attractive.	
C)	Bicyclists ride faster when in a group with other bicyclists.	
D)	People are less likely to help a stranger in need when other people who could also potentially help are around.	

269.	Lance notices that, when he jogs with Cheryl, he runs faster than when he jogs by himself. Which psychological approach BEST explains this behaviour?	
A)	sports psychology	
B)	psychoanalysis	
C)	social psychology	
D)	evolutionary psychology	

270.	Amy's 10K time is significantly faster when she runs it with others than when she runs by herself. Amy's observation confirms those made over a century ago by:	
A)	E. O. Wilson.	
B)	Kurt Lewin.	
C)	Margaret Mead.	
D)	Norman Triplett.	

271.	Which factor did NOT contribute to the development of social psychology in its early years?	
A)	the invention of the computer	
B)	Gestalt psychology	
C)	the rise of Nazi Germany	
D)	the civil rights movement in the United States	

272.	Solomon Asch was a social psychologist whose research interests were shaped, in part, by the:	
A)	American civil rights movement.	
B)	development of computers.	
C)	Holocaust.	
D)	theory of language development.	

273.	Gordon Allport was a social psychologist whose research interests on stereotyping were shaped, in large part, by:	
A)	the American civil rights movement.	
B)	Gestalt psychology.	
C)	his experiences in Nazi Germany.	
D)	the emergence of cognitive neuroscience.	

274.	_____ developed a "field theory" that viewed social behaviour as governed by forces both internal and external to the individual.	
A)	Norman Triplett	
B)	Solomon Asch	
C)	Gordon Allport	
D)	Kurt Lewin	

275.	Gordon Allport proposed that prejudice was:	
A)	primarily reinforced behaviour.	
B)	the result of a perceptual error.	
C)	highly dependent on culture.	
D)	highly dependent on group size.	

276.	Felicia believes that prejudice is a "mind bug" caused by a perceptual error. Her views closely match those of:	
A)	Norman Triplett.	
B)	Gordon Allport.	
C)	E. O. Wilson.	
D)	Margaret Mead.	

277.	The Holocaust inspired research MOSTLY in the areas of:	
A)	mania and illusions.	
B)	prejudice and discrimination.	
C)	conformity and obedience.	
D)	altruism and aggression.	

278.	Values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people are called:	
A)	customs.	
B)	ceremonies.	
C)	culture.	
D)	backgrounds.	

279.	Which factor is LEAST likely to define a culture?	
A)	age	
B)	nationality	
C)	sexual orientation	
D)	diversity	

280.	Which cultural difference can be found in just about every corner of the world?	
A)	wealth disparity	
B)	racial differences	
C)	religious differences	
D)	language differences	

281.	Brice travels to remote places and examines how the people live. He pays particular attention to their values and traditions. What type of psychologist is Brice?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	cultural	
C)	social	
D)	Gestalt	

282.	André studies if altruism varies as a function of individualistic or collectivist societies. He pays particular attention to differences in values between the two societies. What type of psychologist is Brice?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	cultural	
C)	cognitive	
D)	Gestalt	

283.	When people are randomly assigned to think of themselves as upper class, these people behave more _____ than do people in a control group.	
A)	aggressively	
B)	charitably	
C)	selfishly	
D)	altruistically	

284.	One of the first psychologists interested in the contributions of culture to psychology was:	
A)	Karl Lashley.	
B)	Noam Chomsky.	
C)	B. F. Skinner.	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt.	

285.	The belief that psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures and should be viewed only in the context of a specific culture is in accordance with:	
A)	absolutism.	
B)	evolutionary psychology.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	relativism.	

286.	Dirk believes that anxiety manifests itself in the same way regardless of where one lives. Dirk's beliefs represent an approach to the study of psychology known as:	
A)	absolutism.	
B)	behaviourism.	
C)	structuralism.	
D)	relativism.	

287.	Which statement about depression in Eastern and Western cultures is TRUE?	
A)	Depression primarily occurs in Western cultures.	
B)	Worthlessness is a symptom of depression equally reported in both cultures.	
C)	Depressed people living in Eastern cultures are more likely to report symptoms of fatigue.	
D)	Depressed people living in Western cultures are more likely to report symptoms of fatigue.	

288.	Which statement about depression in Eastern and Western cultures is TRUE?	
A)	Fatigue and body aches are symptoms that primarily are reported in Western cultures.	
B)	Fatigue and body aches are symptoms of depression equally reported in both cultures.	
C)	Depressed people living in Eastern cultures are more likely to report symptoms of worthlessness.	
D)	Depressed people living in Western cultures are more likely to report symptoms of worthlessness.	

289.	Cultural psychology blossomed in the 1980s when psychologists began to communicate with:	
A)	psychologists from different cultures.	
B)	economists.	
C)	anthropologists.	
D)	political scientists.	

290.	Cultural psychologists interested in the body mutilation and blood-letting rituals in mountainous tribes of New Guinea would be informed by independent research conducted by:	
A)	political scientists.	
B)	anthropologists.	
C)	evolutionary psychologists.	
D)	behavioural economists.	

291.	Julie believes that the society in which one grows up does not have an impact on psychological issues. Which approach BEST fits her view?	
A)	absolutism	
B)	behaviourism	
C)	humanistic	
D)	relativism	

292.	If you believe that the results of a study on conformity conducted on university students in Canada may differ considerably had the study taken place among older adults in Asia, you are thinking like a cultural:	
A)	absolutist.	
B)	behaviourist.	
C)	functionalist.	
D)	relativist.	

293.	Although all the founding members of the American Psychological Association were White and male, today about half of all APA members are:	
A)	Latino.	
B)	non-White.	
C)	African American.	
D)	female.	

294.	Today, over 70% of individuals receiving their PhDs in psychology are:	
A)	White males.	
B)	males.	
C)	racial minorities.	
D)	females.	

295.	Which research question is MOST consistent with the historical events that inspired the research of Solomon Asch?	
A)	Why do people support and join terrorist organizations?	
B)	What types of discrimination do immigrants face?	
C)	Are Democrats or Republicans more likely to donate to charity?	
D)	How does generational poverty affect rates of depression and anxiety?	

296.	Who is LEAST likely to be a member of the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Bari, a health psychologist who consults for Fortune 500 companies	
B)	Robin, an academic behavioural neuroscientist	
C)	Perry, a clinical psychologist specializing in depression	
D)	Timothy, a clinical counselor specializing in treating substance abuse	

297.	Who was one of the seven psychologists to start the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Hermann von Helmholtz	
B)	John Watson	
C)	Wilhelm Wundt	
D)	William James	

298.	Who was one of the seven psychologists to start the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Hermann von Helmholtz	
B)	G. Stanley Hall	
C)	Wilhelm Wundt	
D)	John Watson	

299.	Compared with the typical APA member in 1910, the typical APA member in 2016 is less likely to be a(n):	
A)	academic researcher.	
B)	woman.	
C)	racial minority.	
D)	professional in health-related fields.	

300.	The American Psychological Association was formed at a meeting called by:	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
B)	G. Stanley Hall.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	Edward Titchener.	

301.	The American Psychological Association was originally made up of academic psychologists; today, nearly _____% of its members work in clinical and health-related settings.	
A)	90	
B)	70	
C)	40	
D)	10	

302.	The American Psychological Association was originally made up of academic psychologists; today, only _____% of its members work in academia.	
A)	2	
B)	8	
C)	20	
D)	40	

303.	The Association for Psychological Science was formed:	
A)	by cognitive psychologists rebelling against John Watson's behaviourism.	
B)	before the founding of the American Psychological Association.	
C)	when academic psychologists wanted to create an organization that focused on the needs of psychologists carrying out scientific research.	
D)	as a result of a union of the American Psychological Association and the European Psychological Association.	

304.	As an elementary school student, Dan met with a psychologist who helped him with speech and reading. Which type of psychologist did Dan see?	
A)	clinical psychologist	
B)	industrial/organizational psychologist	
C)	health psychologist	
D)	school psychologist	

305.	Jorge is in the middle of a divorce and is experiencing stress associated with this period of adjustment. Jorge should probably seek help from a(n):	
A)	psychiatrist.	
B)	organizational psychologist.	
C)	health psychologist.	
D)	counseling psychologist.	

306.	Jeff thinks it would be beneficial for his employees to attend a seminar on how to become more productive at work. Which type of psychologist would conduct this seminar?	
A)	clinical psychologist	
B)	industrial/organizational psychologist	
C)	school psychologist	
D)	cognitive psychologist	

307.	Liz is the CEO of a major company. Liz is fearful of how her employees are going to react to the company's downsizing and reorganization. She decides to contact a(n) _____ psychologist to help her employees.	
A)	industrial/organizational	
B)	clinical	
C)	school	
D)	health	

308.	What is the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist?	
A)	A clinical psychologist can only work in schools.	
B)	A psychiatrist is a medical doctor, whereas a clinical psychologist is a PhD.	
C)	Only a clinical psychologist can prescribe medication.	
D)	A psychiatrist goes to graduate school for years longer than a clinical psychologist.	

309.	Karen received a PhD in psychology and now treats psychological disorders. Which type of psychologist is Karen?	
A)	clinical	
B)	research	
C)	social	
D)	academic	

310.	Cliff's therapist prescribes Xanax to treat his anxiety. Cliff's therapist is probably a:	
A)	counseling psychologist.	
B)	clinical psychologist.	
C)	psychiatrist.	
D)	health psychologist.	

311.	Gary, a 16-year-old, is suffering from severe depression. Of these professionals, Gary should receive treatment from a _____ psychologist.	
A)	counseling	
B)	clinical	
C)	school	
D)	health	

312.	Psychologists work in a wide variety of settings, but the LARGEST percentage work in:	
A)	business.	
B)	clinical settings.	
C)	academia.	
D)	governmental agencies.	

313.	Which mental health professionals assist people in dealing with work/career issues, life changes, and common crises?	
A)	social psychologists	
B)	industrial/organizational psychologists	
C)	counseling psychologists	
D)	health psychologists	

314.	Karen ultimately wants to pursue a master's degree in education but first must obtain a strong scientific background as an undergraduate. Courses in which hub science would be MOST relevant to her career goals?	
A)	earth sciences	
B)	math	
C)	psychology	
D)	chemistry	

315.	Tanisha ultimately wants to pursue a master's degree in public health but first must obtain a strong scientific background as an undergraduate. Courses in which hub science would be MOST relevant to her career goals?	
A)	psychology	
B)	math	
C)	medicine	
D)	earth sciences	

316.	The classification of psychology as a hub science MOST supports the idea that psychology:	
A)	is a basic laboratory science.	
B)	is primarily a clinical field.	
C)	has relevance to many related disciplines.	
D)	has grown beyond an academic discipline.	

317.	The classification of psychology as a hub science MOST supports the idea that an undergraduate education in psychology will prepare students for:	
A)	a variety of different career paths related to the psychology hub.	
B)	primarily a career as a clinical psychologist.	
C)	primarily a career conducting laboratory research in academic settings.	
D)	graduate school in all the other hub sciences.	

318.	In an article entitled "Mapping the Backbone of Science," Kevin Boyack and his colleagues (2005) characterized psychology as a(n) _____ science.	
A)	basic	
B)	applied	
C)	hub	
D)	health	

319.	What is a hub science?	
A)	a "hard" science involving laboratory research	
B)	any social science where research usually is conducted in the field	
C)	any science whose primary goal is clinical in nature	
D)	a large field of science that links with and influences smaller subfields	

320.	The defining feature of a "hub science" is a science that:	
A)	focuses mainly on laboratory research.	
B)	receives a large amount of federal grant funds.	
C)	links with and influences smaller subfields.	
D)	grants doctoral degrees.	

321.	In an article entitled "Mapping the Backbone of Science," Kevin Boyack and his colleagues (2005) identified how many hub sciences?	
A)	3	
B)	7	
C)	12	
D)	20	

322.	Which field of study is NOT a hub science as identified by Kevin Boyack and his colleagues (2005) in their article "Mapping the Backbone of Science"?	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	psychology	
C)	chemistry	
D)	physics	

323.	Which field of study is NOT a hub science as identified by Kevin Boyack and his colleagues (2005) in their article "Mapping the Backbone of Science"?	
A)	chemistry	
B)	economics	
C)	medicine	
D)	social science	

324.	On a map based on citations and references in scientific peer-reviewed journals, psychology is MOST closely linked to which hub science?	
A)	medicine	
B)	math	
C)	chemistry	
D)	social science	

325.	Who is MOST likely to be a member of the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Tony, a behaviourist studying principles of reinforcement in rats	
B)	Robin, an academic behavioural neuroscientist conducting basic research on memory	
C)	Perry, a clinical psychologist specializing in depression	
D)	Suzanne, an academic social psychologist studying stereotypes	

326.	Social psychology was influenced by German experimental psychologists fleeing the Holocaust who were strongly influenced by which approach to psychology?	
A)	psychoanalysis	
B)	behaviourism	
C)	structuralism	
D)	Gestalt	

Use the following to answer questions 327-334:

Scenario I

Scenario I is based on and presents data from the following study (reproduced from p. 26 of the textbook):

Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behaviour. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(11), 4086–4091. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118373109

Piff and colleagues (2012) used naturalistic observation techniques to determine if wealthy people behaved more or less ethically than people who were not wealthy. In one study, observers stood at a busy intersection and recorded the make, model, and year of each approaching car. They also noted if the car cut off other cars or pedestrians at this intersection.

Major findings of Piff et al. (2012) are presented in Figure 1.1. This figure shows the percentage of times vehicles cut off another driver (top panel) or pedestrians (lower panel) as a function of the social status of the vehicles (with more expensive cars ranked higher in social status).  

Figure 1.1

327.	(Scenario I) The researchers who conducted this study are MOST likely to be _____ psychologists.	
A)	cognitive-behavioural	
B)	social or cultural	
C)	humanistic	
D)	industrial-organizational	

328.	(Scenario I) Consider only the bottom panel in Figure 1.1. These results demonstrate that:	
A)	wealth makes people care more about themselves than they do others, to the point of ignoring the rights of pedestrians.	
B)	driving a more expensive car gives one a false sense of security, and this causes people to be more aggressive drivers.	
C)	people driving higher-class cars are more likely than not to cut off a pedestrian in an intersection.	
D)	people driving a more expensive car fail to yield to pedestrians more than do people who drive less expensive cars.	

329.	(Scenario I) Consider only the top panel in Figure 1.1. These results underscore the importance of:	
A)	studying a wide range of values, rather than just a few when trying to determine if two variables are related.	
B)	using random assignment to create equivalent groups.	
C)	making testable predictions and then refining the theory based on the data.	
D)	generalizing laboratory results to real-world settings.	

330.	(Scenario I) Consider both panels in Figure 1.1. Which is a description of a result shown in this figure?	
A)	Drivers were more likely to yield to pedestrians than to other cars.	
B)	Small changes in car social status in the middle-class range nevertheless predicted if drivers would cut off another car.	
C)	Small increases in the value of a car had relatively large effects on whether or not a driver would cut off a pedestrian.	
D)	Small changes in car social status in the middle-class range had no predictive value in determining if people would yield to pedestrians.	

331.	(Scenario I) Based on the results shown in Figure 1.1, it is NOT known if:	
A)	people driving higher-class cars were less likely to yield to pedestrians.	
B)	drivers, in general, were more likely to yield to another car than to a pedestrian.	
C)	wealth caused people to care more about themselves than about others.	
D)	wealth was associated with selfish driving behaviour.	

332.	(Scenario I) A psychologist believes that driving expensive cars and not taking into account the rights of others are both the product of feelings of sexual inferiority banished to the unconscious. The psychologist adopts a _____ approach.	
A)	Gestalt	
B)	social or cultural	
C)	humanistic	
D)	psychoanalytic	

333.	(Scenario I) A psychologist believes that selfishness is a genetically based trait that confers advantages in terms of resource acquisition. As such, the psychologist is not surprised in the least that selfish people drive expensive cars. This _____ would predict that _____.	
A)	evolutionary psychologist; selfishness results in wealth	
B)	evolutionary psychologist; wealth makes people selfish	
C)	cognitive neuroscientist; selfishness results in wealth	
D)	cognitive neuroscientist; wealth makes people selfish	

334.	(Scenario I) A psychologist believes that people in higher and lower social classes learn norms that then affect their behaviour in many different settings. One such norm is that people in higher social classes tend to view themselves as more important than others. As such, the psychologist is not surprised that people driving expensive cars are more likely to disregard the rights of others. This _____ psychologist would predict that _____.	
A)	humanistic; selfishness results in wealth	
B)	humanistic; wealth makes people selfish	
C)	cultural; selfishness results in wealth	
D)	cultural; wealth makes people selfish	

Use the following to answer questions 335-340:

Scenario II

Use the scenario to answer the question below. The scenario introduces material from the following publications:

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Preckel, K., Scheele, D., Eckstein, M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015). The influence of oxytocin on volitional and emotional ambivalence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(7), 987–993. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu147

Catherine is a college freshman who is shocked at the intensity of the jealousy expressed by her roommate's boyfriend. Interested in understanding the relationship between Tara and Will, she becomes fascinated to learn in introductory psychology that jealousy has been studied from a variety of perspectives. She goes to the library and begins researching this topic.

335.	(Scenario II) Some psychological theorists believe that Will's jealousy might be due to his projecting his own banished sexual inadequacies and desires for infidelity from his unconscious. These theorists are MOST likely to be:	
A)	cognitive psychologists.	
B)	social psychologists.	
C)	humanistic psychologists.	
D)	psychoanalysts.	

336.	(Scenario II) Preckel and colleagues (2015) reported that giving male participants an oxytocin nasal spray shortly before having them imagine their partners engaged in infidelity reduced activity in brain regions associated with jealousy. Catherine further reads that oxytocin is a neurotransmitter found naturally in the brain and then wonders if Will has naturally _____ levels of it. The research by Preckel and colleagues advances a(n) _____ approach to the study of jealousy.	
A)	low; cognitive neuroscience	
B)	high; behavioural neuroscience	
C)	low; evolutionary psychology	
D)	high; social psychology	

337.	(Scenario II) Other psychological theorists point to the consequences of jealousy as the reason for its continued occurrence. Catherine tends to agree. Every time Will goes into a jealous rage when Tara wants to hang out with her friends, Tara capitulates and stays home with him instead. Consistent with a _____ approach to psychology, Catherine believes that Tara is _____ her boyfriend's jealousy.	
A)	cognitive; construing	
B)	behavioural; reinforcing	
C)	humanistic; actualizing	
D)	evolutionary; selecting	

338.	(Scenario II) Catherine reads in another book that jealousy often arises from the way we think about relationships. Psychologists who conceptualize jealously as arising from maladaptive patterns of thinking associated with unrealistic construals of relationships are advancing a _____ approach.	
A)	behavioural	
B)	humanistic	
C)	psychoanalytic	
D)	cognitive	

339.	(Scenario II) Bowlby's (1969/1982) attachment theory posits that infants form either secure or insecure attachments with their primary caregiver. These attachment styles are relatively stable across life, and more recent research has found that individuals with insecure attachments are more likely to exhibit jealousy in romantic relationships. Catherine wonders what kind of relationship her roommate's boyfriend has with his mother and thinks she needs to read more about this _____ approach to the study of jealousy.	
A)	developmental	
B)	humanistic	
C)	psychoanalytic	
D)	evolutionary	

340.	(Scenario II) In analyzing behavioural and evolutionary accounts of jealousy, Catherine is surprised to learn that these very different approaches both emphasize the importance of adaptive consequences. The difference is that a behavioural approach emphasizes the reinforcing consequences of the jealous behaviour _____, and the evolutionary account emphasizes the adaptive consequences of jealousy _____.	
A)	in reducing it; in strengthening it	
B)	for the individual; for the individual's ancestors	
C)	in an S-R model; within a cognitive model	
D)	for the relationship; for the individual	

341.	Psychology is universally defined as the scientific study of observable behaviour.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

342.	Today, most psychologists believe that the mind and brain are separate physical entities.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

343.	The Greek philosopher most associated with philosophical empiricism is Aristotle.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

344.	Philosophical empiricists believe that certain knowledge is innate.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

345.	Plato believed that certain types of knowledge are innate or inborn.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

346.	The classical Greek philosophers tested their theories using the scientific method.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

347.	René Descartes believed that the brain and the mind are fundamentally the same thing.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

348.	Franz Joseph Gall asserted that the size of bumps or indentations on the skull reflected the size of the brain regions beneath and thus indicated personality traits.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

349.	Broca's research was consistent with Hobbes' philosophical position that mental processes were grounded in the brain.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

350.	Broca's research was consistent with Descartes' philosophical position that mental processes were grounded in the brain.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

351.	Wilhelm Wundt first used reaction time to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

352.	Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

353.	Helmholtz developed introspection as a tool for understanding the structure of consciousness.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

354.	Introspection as a scientific method failed because it did not generate replicable observations.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

355.	Functionalists depended on introspection to study subjective observations of personal experience.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

356.	Wilhelm Wundt believed that consciousness could be broken down into its component parts.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

357.	Wilhelm Wundt was most interested in how consciousness is an adaptive feature of the human existence.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

358.	William James brought Wundt's structuralist school of psychology to the United States.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

359.	The structuralist approach gradually faded, mostly because of the inadequacies of psychoanalysis.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

360.	The work of William James was largely influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

361.	Functionalists focused their attention on the adaptive features of observable behaviour.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

362.	William James did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into basic elements.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

363.	Functionalism was the dominant school of psychology from the 1890s until the advent of the computer in the 1950s.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

364.	G. Stanley Hall established the first psychological laboratory in the United States.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

365.	Charcot used hypnosis to treat patients with hysteria.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

366.	Freud believed that unconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviours.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

367.	Psychoanalysis emphasizes the function of conscious mental processes that occur during sexual experiences.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

368.	The goal of psychoanalysis is to banish unwanted feelings and memories into the unconscious.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

369.	The greatest contribution of psychoanalysis was the research in experimental psychology that it generated.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

370.	Freud's theories have proven difficult to test.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

371.	Maslow and Rogers are regarded as being more optimistic about the human condition than Freud.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

372.	Humanistic psychologists called people in treatment “patients” to emphasis the biological nature of psychological disorders.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

373.	Behaviourism focused on the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

374.	Behavioural measures typically are more subjective than introspective measures.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

375.	Behaviourists deny the existence of all mental processes, such as thinking and consciousness.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

376.	Behaviourists believe that the behaviour of nonhuman animals—not human behaviour—is the proper subject matter of psychology.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

377.	Margaret Floy Washburn was an early female behaviourist who denied the existence of animal minds.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

378.	The founder of behaviourism was William James.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

379.	John Watson was largely influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

380.	John Watson taught “Little Albert” to fear a harmless white rat.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

381.	John Watson believed that fears were largely innate and the result of our evolutionary history.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

382.	John Watson developed the concept of reinforcement with rats pressing levers for food.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

383.	B. F. Skinner focused on the consequences of behaviour as determinants of whether or not it would reoccur.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

384.	If a behaviour is reinforced, it is more likely to occur again.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

385.	To test his theories, B. F. Skinner raised his daughter in a conditioning chamber, or “Skinner Box.”	
A)	True	
B)	False	

386.	B. F. Skinner believed that humans did not have free will.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

387.	Gestalt psychology was a Russian movement influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

388.	Gestalt psychologists believed that the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

389.	The Gestaltists' view was diametrically opposed to the functionalists' claim that experience can be broken down into separate elements.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

390.	Gestalt psychologists believed that the entirety of a perceptual experience can be greater than the sum of its component parts.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

391.	In his classic studies on memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus demonstrated that meaningful information is easily forgotten.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

392.	Frederic Bartlett demonstrated that our expectancies play a large role in the accuracy of our memories.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

393.	Frederic Bartlett conceptualized memory as a photographic representation of a past experience.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

394.	Jean Piaget studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to understand the development of the human mind.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

395.	Jean Piaget demonstrated that even toddlers grasp the concept that the mass of an object remains constant if it is divided.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

396.	The advent of computers led, in part, to the rise of cognitive psychology.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

397.	George Miller demonstrated that we can briefly hold only about 12 pieces of information in memory at any given moment.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

398.	With the advent of computers, cognitive psychologists began conceptualizing the mind as hardware and the brain as software.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

399.	Noam Chomsky was an outspoken supporter of B. F. Skinner's theory of language.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

400.	By studying how quickly rats pressed levers for food pellets before and after surgery that removed parts of their brains, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the precise spot in the brain where learning occurs.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

401.	Karl Lashley discovered that by removing small sections of a rat's brain, he could completely erase its memory of a previously learned maze.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

402.	Karl Lashley discovered that maze learning tends to be localized to a small area in the left-brain hemisphere termed the Broca's area.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

403.	Physiological psychology was the forerunner of behavioural neuroscience.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

404.	Someone with damage to their Broca's area cannot understand spoken words.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

405.	Behavioural neuroscience is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between the mind and the brain.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

406.	Behavioural and cognitive psychology have benefited greatly from the knowledge obtained from invasive experimental brain surgery techniques in human participants.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

407.	Cognitive psychology is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between brain activity and cognitive processes.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

408.	John Garcia demonstrated that it is easier for rats to form associations between lights and sickness than scents and sickness.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

409.	Darwin's theory of natural selection no longer plays a prominent role among today's evolutionary psychologists.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

410.	The anthropologist Margaret Mead introduced the evolutionary psychology movement.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

411.	An evolutionary psychologist would argue that traits such as jealousy exist because they are reinforced at an early age.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

412.	Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that evolutionary hypotheses are extremely difficult to test.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

413.	An advantage of the evolutionary over the behavioural approach to psychology is that evolutionary hypotheses can more easily be tested.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

414.	Social psychologists believe that the presence of others can influence performance on complicated, but not simple, tasks.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

415.	Psychological historians trace the beginnings of social psychology to the functionalist research of William James.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

416.	Social psychology began as a rejection of Gestalt psychology.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

417.	Attempting to understand the atrocities of the Nazis gave rise, in part, to the field of social psychology.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

418.	Gordon Allport believed that prejudice was primarily a learned behaviour.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

419.	Gordon Allport believed that prejudice was a natural result of a perceptual error.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

420.	Structuralists, such as Wilhelm Wundt, denied the importance of culture to psychology.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

421.	Cultural psychology began to emerge as a strong force in psychology in the early 1900s.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

422.	Cultural psychology represents a merger of psychology and anthropology.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

423.	Cultural psychology represents a merger of psychology and geography.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

424.	Absolutism holds that psychological phenomena are never absolute because the results always depend on the culture in which they are studied.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

425.	Most members of the American Psychological Association (APA) are also members of the Association for Psychological Science (APS).	
A)	True	
B)	False	

426.	Today, most members of the American Psychological Association work in academic settings.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

427.	Today, one fourth of the members of the American Psychological Association are women.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

428.	The American Psychological Association existed for nearly 100 years before it elected a woman as president.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

429.	Currently, the majority of people earning their PhD in psychology are women.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

430.	A majority of psychologists today work in clinical or health-related fields.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

431.	After earning their PhDs, most psychologists today continue to teach or engage in research activities.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

432.	A psychiatrist has a medical degree.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

433.	Counseling psychologists usually focus on psychological issues that occur in the workplace.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

434.	A hub science is any scientific discipline that cannot be reduced to another discipline.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

435.	A hub science is a scientific discipline that links and influences its subfields.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

436.	Physics, chemistry, and psychology are all examples of hub sciences.	
A)	True	
B)	False	

437.	Nature is to nurture as:	
A)	stimulus is to reaction.	
B)	behaviourism is to evolutionary psychology.	
C)	nativism is to philosophical empiricism.	
D)	introspection is to functionalism.	

438.	Helmholtz was a _____ who studied _____.	
A)	philosopher; the mind–body problem	
B)	behavioural neuroscientist; the maze performance of rats	
C)	personality theorist; the shape of skulls	
D)	physiologist; reaction time	

439.	By asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of an event, Wilhelm Wundt used the method of _____ to analyze the basic structure of conscious experience.	
A)	natural selection	
B)	brain scanning	
C)	introspection	
D)	reinforcement	

440.	William James suggested that consciousness should be examined depending on the purposes served by mental processes, as suggested by _____, rather than trying to break it down into specific elements, as suggested by _____.	
A)	functionalism; structuralism	
B)	functionalism; natural selection	
C)	structuralism; functionalism	
D)	structuralism; empiricism	

441.	_____ psychologists believe that our minds are collections of specialized “modules” that solve the problems faced by our ancestors as they attempted to eat, mate, and reproduce over millions of years.	
A)	Cultural	
B)	Evolutionary	
C)	Organizational	
D)	Humanistic	

442.	Audrey emphasizes the positive potential in her clients and feels it is her job to guide them in realizing this potential. Audrey is MOST likely a:	
A)	behaviourist.	
B)	cognitive therapist.	
C)	humanistic psychologist.	
D)	psychoanalyst.	

443.	_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviours and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks.	
A)	Behaviourism	
B)	Natural selection	
C)	Humanism	
D)	Cognitive psychology	

444.	In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of a tone was the _____ that produced a _____ of salivation in dogs, even in the absence of food.	
A)	response; stimulus	
B)	stimulus; response	
C)	reinforcer; stimulus	
D)	stimulus; reinforcer	

445.	Which statement is NOT true about B. F. Skinner?	
A)	He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food.	
B)	He proposed the psychoanalytic theory.	
C)	He denied the existence of free will.	
D)	He developed the principle of reinforcement.	

446.	Cognitive psychology addressed the critiques of behaviourism by applying scientific methods to the study of:	
A)	mental processes such as memory, perception, and thought.	
B)	stimulus–response learning.	
C)	the unconscious mind.	
D)	neurological mechanisms underlying observable behaviour.	

447.	The research of _____, in which the maze performance of rats was measured before and after brain surgery, was a forerunner of today's behavioural neuroscience.	
A)	E. O. Wilson	
B)	B. F. Skinner	
C)	Karl Lashley	
D)	Sir Frederic Bartlett	

448.	To better understand the Nazi atrocities, social psychologists began to study:	
A)	the evolutionary basis of aggression.	
B)	conformity and obedience.	
C)	cultural differences between the United States and Germany.	
D)	differences in brain functioning between violent criminals and normal people.	

449.	A psychologist develops a new treatment plan for depression, which involves teaching people different techniques of improving self-esteem. He implements the treatment plan successfully in Canada and obtains good results. If the psychologist is a relativist, is he likely to use the same treatment plan for depression in Japan?	
A)	Yes, because he is likely to believe that, if a treatment is effective in one culture, it will be effective in all cultures.	
B)	Yes, because he is likely to believe that all cultures use the same techniques to diagnose depression.	
C)	No, because he is likely to believe that different cultures emphasize different symptoms of depression.	
D)	No, because he is likely to believe that treatment for depression is based on whether the individual suffering from depression realizes he or she is depressed.	

450.	A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medication.	
A)	psychiatrist	
B)	psychologist	
C)	clinical psychologist	
D)	cognitive neuroscientist	

451.	Most clinical psychologists today work:	
A)	as consultants for criminal investigators.	
B)	in academia.	
C)	as government researchers.	
D)	in private practices or in partnerships.	

452.	Psychology is defined as the scientific study of:	
A)	societal development.	
B)	criminal rehabilitation.	
C)	neural diseases.	
D)	mind and behaviour.	

453.	_____ believed that the child's mind was a tabula rasa, or a blank slate, on which experiences were written.	
A)	Plato	
B)	Aristotle	
C)	William James	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt	

454.	Although the overall theory was later discredited, _____ was one of the first theories to propose that some human traits and abilities are localized in specific regions of the brain.	
A)	stimulus–response theory	
B)	phrenology	
C)	dualism	
D)	nativism	

455.	Edward Titchener used _____ as a technique to determine the _____ of consciousness.	
A)	introspection; basic elements	
B)	hypnosis; adaptability	
C)	psychonautics; basic functions	
D)	neuroimaging; evolution	

456.	William James was influenced by the work of:	
A)	Edward Titchener.	
B)	Sigmund Freud.	
C)	Ivan Pavlov.	
D)	Wilhelm Wundt.	

457.	The work of _____ had the greatest influence on the early development of clinical psychology.	
A)	G. Stanley Hall	
B)	John Watson	
C)	Sigmund Freud	
D)	Jean Piaget	

458.	Fred and Yvonne notice that their 10-year-old daughter is beginning to use sexually explicit swearwords. They think that their daughter's friends might be encouraging her swearing with attention and laughter. Such a reinforcement of behaviour was a concept formulated by:	
A)	Watson.	
B)	Freud.	
C)	Pavlov.	
D)	Skinner.	

459.	Scientists such as Max Wertheimer, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget, and Kurt Lewin paved the way for _____ by researching processes such as perception, memory, and subjective experiences.	
A)	behaviourism	
B)	clinical psychology	
C)	cognitive psychology	
D)	behavioural neuroscience	

460.	Why was the advent of the computer so important for the development of cognitive psychology?	
A)	Psychologists could use computers to interpret large amounts of data.	
B)	The processing of information by computers through complex circuits helped psychologists understand several processes of the human mind.	
C)	Computer technology allowed psychologists to develop useful tools and software programs for various purposes.	
D)	The computer supported the views of behaviourists that people were essentially like robots programmed by their environment.	

461.	In the 19th century, the physician _____ observed a patient who, after damage to a localized area in the _____ brain hemisphere, could not produce words, even though he could comprehend them.	
A)	Franz Joseph Gall; right	
B)	Paul Broca; left	
C)	Karl Lashley; right	
D)	Pierre Janet; left	

462.	Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping by:	
A)	focusing on features that were passed on to people hereditarily.	
B)	accounting for people's cultural background and personal beliefs.	
C)	localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues.	
D)	considering the effects of other people on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.	

463.	_____ holds that culture makes little or no difference for most psychological phenomena.	
A)	Absolutism	
B)	Structuralism	
C)	Relativism	
D)	Functionalism	

464.	_____ believed that private experience was too vague to be an object of scientific inquiry.	
A)	Watson	
B)	Freud	
C)	Pavlov	
D)	Skinner	

465.	_____ assist people in dealing with work or career issues and changes or help people deal with common crises such as divorce, the loss of a job, or the death of a loved one.	
A)	Counseling psychologists	
B)	Social psychologists	
C)	School psychologists	
D)	Neuropsychologists	

466.	_____ makes up over half of the doctorates awarded in psychology.	
A)	Social psychology	
B)	Counseling psychology	
C)	Clinical psychology	
D)	Neuroscience	

Answer Key

1.		
2.		
3.		
4.		
5.		
6.		
7.		
8.		
9.		
10.		
11.	B	
12.	C	
13.	D	
14.	A	
15.	C	
16.	A	
17.	C	
18.	B	
19.	D	
20.	A	
21.	B	
22.	D	
23.	B	
24.	B	
25.	B	
26.	A	
27.	B	
28.	C	
29.	C	
30.	A	
31.	A	
32.	C	
33.	D	
34.	B	
35.	C	
36.	C	
37.	A	
38.	D	
39.	B	
40.	A	
41.	D	
42.	C	
43.	C	
44.	B	
45.	D	
46.	B	
47.	A	
48.	D	
49.	B	
50.	C	
51.	D	
52.	D	
53.	A	
54.	C	
55.	D	
56.	C	
57.	A	
58.	C	
59.	A	
60.	A	
61.	B	
62.	A	
63.	B	
64.	B	
65.	D	
66.	C	
67.	A	
68.	D	
69.	C	
70.	B	
71.	D	
72.	B	
73.	C	
74.	B	
75.	A	
76.	A	
77.	B	
78.	D	
79.	C	
80.	A	
81.	C	
82.	A	
83.	C	
84.	B	
85.	B	
86.	D	
87.	A	
88.	B	
89.	C	
90.	C	
91.	C	
92.	B	
93.	D	
94.	B	
95.	A	
96.	A	
97.	C	
98.	B	
99.	D	
100.	B	
101.	C	
102.	D	
103.	D	
104.	B	
105.	C	
106.	A	
107.	C	
108.	D	
109.	C	
110.	A	
111.	D	
112.	C	
113.	B	
114.	C	
115.	A	
116.	A	
117.	D	
118.	B	
119.	D	
120.	B	
121.	C	
122.	C	
123.	A	
124.	D	
125.	A	
126.	B	
127.	C	
128.	B	
129.	D	
130.	C	
131.	C	
132.	A	
133.	D	
134.	B	
135.	B	
136.	A	
137.	B	
138.	C	
139.	D	
140.	C	
141.	D	
142.	C	
143.	D	
144.	A	
145.	C	
146.	B	
147.	C	
148.	A	
149.	C	
150.	D	
151.	A	
152.	B	
153.	A	
154.	D	
155.	B	
156.	B	
157.	C	
158.	A	
159.	C	
160.	A	
161.	B	
162.	C	
163.	C	
164.	B	
165.	D	
166.	A	
167.	D	
168.	D	
169.	C	
170.	A	
171.	C	
172.	C	
173.	B	
174.	B	
175.	B	
176.	B	
177.	C	
178.	B	
179.	C	
180.	D	
181.	D	
182.	B	
183.	B	
184.	A	
185.	C	
186.	C	
187.	D	
188.	D	
189.	A	
190.	A	
191.	B	
192.	C	
193.	D	
194.	A	
195.	B	
196.	C	
197.	D	
198.	C	
199.	B	
200.	D	
201.	A	
202.	B	
203.	B	
204.	D	
205.	C	
206.	B	
207.	A	
208.	D	
209.	D	
210.	D	
211.	C	
212.	C	
213.	D	
214.	A	
215.	B	
216.	A	
217.	B	
218.	D	
219.	C	
220.	A	
221.	C	
222.	B	
223.	A	
224.	B	
225.	A	
226.	B	
227.	B	
228.	A	
229.	C	
230.	A	
231.	D	
232.	A	
233.	D	
234.	B	
235.	A	
236.	D	
237.	B	
238.	C	
239.	D	
240.	A	
241.	C	
242.	B	
243.	D	
244.	D	
245.	C	
246.	A	
247.	C	
248.	C	
249.	C	
250.	B	
251.	A	
252.	B	
253.	C	
254.	D	
255.	B	
256.	B	
257.	A	
258.	D	
259.	D	
260.	B	
261.	B	
262.	D	
263.	D	
264.	D	
265.	A	
266.	C	
267.	A	
268.	C	
269.	C	
270.	D	
271.	A	
272.	C	
273.	A	
274.	D	
275.	D	
276.	B	
277.	C	
278.	C	
279.	D	
280.	A	
281.	B	
282.	B	
283.	C	
284.	D	
285.	D	
286.	A	
287.	C	
288.	D	
289.	C	
290.	B	
291.	D	
292.	D	
293.	D	
294.	D	
295.	A	
296.	B	
297.	D	
298.	B	
299.	A	
300.	B	
301.	B	
302.	C	
303.	C	
304.	D	
305.	D	
306.	B	
307.	A	
308.	B	
309.	A	
310.	C	
311.	B	
312.	B	
313.	C	
314.	C	
315.	A	
316.	C	
317.	A	
318.	C	
319.	D	
320.	C	
321.	D	
322.	A	
323.	B	
324.	D	
325.	C	
326.	D	
327.	B	
328.	D	
329.	A	
330.	C	
331.	C	
332.	D	
333.	A	
334.	D	
335.	D	
336.	A	
337.	B	
338.	D	
339.	A	
340.	D	
341.	B	
342.	B	
343.	A	
344.	B	
345.	A	
346.	B	
347.	B	
348.	A	
349.	A	
350.	B	
351.	B	
352.	A	
353.	B	
354.	A	
355.	B	
356.	A	
357.	B	
358.	B	
359.	B	
360.	A	
361.	B	
362.	A	
363.	B	
364.	A	
365.	A	
366.	A	
367.	B	
368.	B	
369.	B	
370.	A	
371.	A	
372.	B	
373.	A	
374.	B	
375.	B	
376.	B	
377.	B	
378.	B	
379.	A	
380.	A	
381.	B	
382.	B	
383.	A	
384.	A	
385.	B	
386.	A	
387.	B	
388.	A	
389.	B	
390.	A	
391.	B	
392.	A	
393.	B	
394.	A	
395.	B	
396.	A	
397.	B	
398.	B	
399.	B	
400.	B	
401.	B	
402.	B	
403.	A	
404.	B	
405.	B	
406.	B	
407.	B	
408.	B	
409.	B	
410.	B	
411.	B	
412.	A	
413.	B	
414.	B	
415.	B	
416.	B	
417.	A	
418.	B	
419.	A	
420.	B	
421.	B	
422.	A	
423.	B	
424.	B	
425.	B	
426.	B	
427.	B	
428.	B	
429.	A	
430.	A	
431.	B	
432.	A	
433.	B	
434.	B	
435.	A	
436.	A	
437.	C	
438.	D	
439.	C	
440.	A	
441.	B	
442.	C	
443.	A	
444.	B	
445.	B	
446.	A	
447.	C	
448.	B	
449.	C	
450.	A	
451.	D	
452.	D	
453.	B	
454.	B	
455.	A	
456.	D	
457.	C	
458.	D	
459.	C	
460.	B	
461.	B	
462.	D	
463.	A	
464.	A	
465.	A	
466.	C