Name: __________________________  Date: _____________

1.	In contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning, an effortless and immediate automatic judgment is best described as a(n)	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	chance-based explanation.	
C)	intuition.	
D)	evidence-based conclusion.	

2.	Mark meets briefly with applicants for positions in his company and relies on his immediate gut-level first impressions in deciding whether to offer them a job. Mark's employment decisions are most clearly guided by	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	intuition.	

3.	The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to	
A)	dismiss the value of skepticism.	
B)	reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.	
C)	exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome.	
D)	overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.	

4.	The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	the scientific attitude.	
D)	curious skepticism.	

5.	Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite finding is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of	
A)	risk prediction.	
B)	skeptical scrutiny.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	an empirical approach.	

6.	Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of	
A)	cause-effect conclusions.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	curious skepticism.	

7.	Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates	
A)	critical inquiry.	
B)	random sequences.	
C)	hidden values.	
D)	hindsight bias.	

8.	Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, “I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!” Her comment best illustrates	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	overconfidence.	

9.	The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	curious skepticism.	
C)	ethical standards.	
D)	critical thinking.	

10.	Formulating testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error	
A)	involving skepticism.	
B)	known as hindsight bias.	
C)	resulting from chance-related explanations.	
D)	in which random sequences don't look random.	

11.	Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates	
A)	curious skepticism.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	overconfidence.	
D)	creativity.	

12.	Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	perceiving order in random events.	
C)	unconscious thinking.	
D)	overconfidence.	

13.	Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?	
A)	an empirical approach	
B)	overconfidence	
C)	discerning hidden values	
D)	creativity	

14.	The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of	
A)	intuition.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	an empirical approach.	
D)	humility.	

15.	On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy	
A)	defies the laws of statistical probability.	
B)	illustrates hindsight bias.	
C)	is inconsistent with an empirical approach.	
D)	is a random and coincidental occurrence.	

16.	Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that	
A)	random sequences of events often don't look random.	
B)	events often seem more probable in hindsight.	
C)	we humans think we know more than we do.	
D)	intuition is usually correct.	

17.	Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are	
A)	pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity.	
B)	ingenuity, practicality, and certainty.	
C)	certainty, creativity, and curiosity.	
D)	curiosity, skepticism, and humility.	

18.	Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of	
A)	pride.	
B)	skepticism.	
C)	practicality.	
D)	enthusiasm.	

19.	The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to	
A)	perceive order in random events.	
B)	reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.	
C)	recognize the errors in our own ideas.	
D)	respect political beliefs that contradict our own.	

20.	Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions illustrates	
A)	common sense.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	chance-related explanation.	
D)	an empirical approach.	

21.	Critical thinking most clearly involves	
A)	making intuitive predictions.	
B)	assuming that you knew it all along.	
C)	evaluating evidence.	
D)	perceiving order in random events.	

22.	A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates	
A)	common sense.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	overconfidence.	

23.	Melinda expressed concerns as to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to convey unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustrated	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	the perils of intuition.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	the perception of order in random events.	

24.	Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	an intuitive hunch.	
D)	chance-related explanation.	

25.	When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are most clearly demonstrating	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	an empirical approach.	
D)	critical thinking.	

26.	A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that ______ observations and ______ behaviors or events.	
A)	questions; surveys	
B)	replicates; controls	
C)	organizes; predicts	
D)	randomly samples; randomly assigns	

27.	Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)	
A)	theory.	
B)	replication.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	operational definition.	

28.	The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable	
A)	assumptions.	
B)	correlations.	
C)	predictions.	
D)	variables.	

29.	A hypothesis is a(n)	
A)	observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.	
B)	testable prediction that gives direction to research.	
C)	set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts.	
D)	unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning.	

30.	Testing hypotheses and refining theories in light of those tests is central to	
A)	debriefing.	
B)	regression toward the mean.	
C)	the scientific method.	
D)	informed consent.	

31.	Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of	
A)	informed consent.	
B)	the placebo effect.	
C)	a hypothesis.	
D)	a confounding variable.	

32.	A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)	
A)	hypothesis.	
B)	control condition.	
C)	replication.	
D)	operational definition.	

33.	In a published report of a research study on social anxiety, psychologists included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of social anxiety. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n)	
A)	hypothesis.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	operational definition.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

34.	Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by	
A)	regression toward the mean.	
B)	debriefing.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

35.	Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify that the findings of the original study extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called	
A)	replication.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

36.	Recent instances of fraudulent or hard-to-believe research findings have led psychologists to give greater priority to the process of	
A)	debriefing.	
B)	replication.	
C)	informed consent.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

37.	Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	replication	
C)	random sampling	
D)	the case study	

38.	The case study is a research method in which	
A)	a single individual or group is studied in great depth.	
B)	a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors.	
C)	organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment.	
D)	an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.	

39.	To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	naturalistic observation	

40.	Little Hans' extreme fear of horses was observed as part of a(n)	
A)	experiment.	
B)	survey.	
C)	case study.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

41.	The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it	
A)	is based on naturalistic observation.	
B)	may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.	
C)	overestimates the importance of operational definitions.	
D)	leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.	

42.	A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	replication.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

43.	Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as	
A)	the survey.	
B)	experimentation.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	the case study.	

44.	Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in	
A)	survey research.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	replication.	

45.	New technologies such as smart phone apps and body-worn sensors have enabled the collection of “big data” by means of	
A)	scatterplots.	
B)	case studies.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

46.	One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of	
A)	experimentation.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	case studies.	
D)	a survey.	

47.	University of Texas students were fitted with electronically activated recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	the case study.	

48.	To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?	
A)	the case study	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	the double-blind procedure	
D)	the survey	

49.	A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	a case study.	
D)	a survey.	

50.	Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?	
A)	the survey	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	the case study	
D)	experimentation	

51.	Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	wording effects.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

52.	People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases.	
A)	randomly selected	
B)	vivid	
C)	representative	
D)	operationally defined	

53.	A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger	
A)	control group.	
B)	scatterplot.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	population.	

54.	After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of	
A)	replication.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	generalizing from vivid cases.	

55.	When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as	
A)	the case study.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

56.	Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?	
A)	the case study	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	random sampling	
D)	operational definitions	

57.	Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies. As a result, he became overconfident about his chances of re-election. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value of	
A)	replication.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	experimental control.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

58.	To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)	
A)	population.	
B)	representative sample.	
C)	independent variable.	
D)	control condition.	

59.	To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	replication.	
D)	random sampling.	

60.	Suppose you want to find out which candidate college students will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample of college students you survey is representative of the college student population, you should	
A)	survey only a small sample of college students.	
B)	survey only politically informed college students.	
C)	survey every college student on your own campus.	
D)	survey a large, representative sample of the college student population.	

61.	In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that	
A)	the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.	
B)	there will be a large number of participants in the research study.	
C)	the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values.	
D)	the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions.	

62.	Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors	
A)	vary together.	
B)	are random samples.	
C)	influence each other.	
D)	have similar operational definitions.	

63.	Correlational research is most useful for purposes of	
A)	explanation.	
B)	prediction.	
C)	control.	
D)	replication.	

64.	To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use	
A)	the case study approach.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	correlational measures.	
D)	experimental research.	

65.	Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?	
A)	correlation coefficient	
B)	standard deviation	
C)	range	
D)	mean	

66.	To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of	
A)	case studies.	
B)	correlational research.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

67.	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors, is called a	
A)	replication.	
B)	scatterplot.	
C)	control group.	
D)	correlation coefficient.	

68.	Displaying data in a scatterplot can help us see the extent to which two variables are	
A)	random samples.	
B)	operationally defined.	
C)	correlated.	
D)	replications.	

69.	If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that	
A)	there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children.	
B)	low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children.	
C)	better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.	
D)	body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children.	

70.	A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that	
A)	physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.	
B)	more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.	
C)	it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.	
D)	less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.	

71.	If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are	
A)	operationally defined.	
B)	positively correlated.	
C)	negatively correlated.	
D)	not correlated.	

72.	Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?	
A)	+0.60	
B)	+0.01	
C)	–0.10	
D)	–0.06	

73.	A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between	
A)	intelligence and academic success.	
B)	financial poverty and physical health.	
C)	self-esteem and depression.	
D)	school grades and school absences.	

74.	If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are	
A)	causally related.	
B)	negatively correlated.	
C)	independent variables.	
D)	positively correlated.	

75.	Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?	
A)	–0.12	
B)	–0.99	
C)	+0.25	
D)	–0.50	

76.	Illusory correlation refers to	
A)	the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.	
B)	a correlation that exceeds the value of +1.00.	
C)	a random cluster of points on a scatterplot.	
D)	the belief that the correlation of two variables proves causation.	

77.	Gamblers often throw dice gently for low numbers and hard for high numbers. This most directly illustrates	
A)	an illusion of control.	
B)	a scatterplot.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	regression toward the mean.	

78.	The illusion that uncontrollable events are correlated with our actions is facilitated by a phenomenon known as	
A)	regression toward the mean.	
B)	the correlation coefficient.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	replication.	

79.	Regression toward the mean refers to the tendency for	
A)	changes in one factor to predict changes in another factor.	
B)	unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events.	
C)	pessimistic thinking to trigger episodes of depression.	
D)	a placebo pill to reduce suffering.	

80.	Colette received an unusually high grade of A on her first biology test and a B+ on the second, even though she studied equally for both tests. Which of the following best explains Colette's deteriorating pattern of performance?	
A)	illusory correlation	
B)	the illusion of control	
C)	the random sampling effect	
D)	regression toward the mean	

81.	After sports magazines give cover-story attention to the recent outstanding performances of an athlete, the individual often suffers a real decline in performance. This may be at least partially explained in terms of	
A)	illusory correlation.	
B)	the illusion control.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	regression toward the mean.	

82.	Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because	
A)	we most readily notice associations that confirm our beliefs.	
B)	association does not prove causation.	
C)	sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.	
D)	the sample may have been randomly selected.	

83.	An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of	
A)	failing to construct a scatterplot.	
B)	generalizing from extreme examples.	
C)	being influenced by a confounding variable.	
D)	assuming that association proves causation.	

84.	If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that	
A)	intelligence is inherited.	
B)	more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents.	
C)	the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

85.	A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that	
A)	poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders.	
B)	people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people.	
C)	psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

86.	Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the experiment	
C)	correlational research	
D)	naturalistic observation	

87.	Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate	
A)	facts from theories.	
B)	causes from effects.	
C)	case studies from surveys.	
D)	random samples from representative samples.	

88.	An experiment enables researchers to isolate the effects of one specific factor by manipulating the factor of interest and also	
A)	obtaining participants' informed consent prior to beginning the experiment.	
B)	statistically summarizing participants' responses on a scatterplot.	
C)	holding other factors constant across experimental and control groups.	
D)	fully debriefing participants after completing the experiment.	

89.	Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?	
A)	the case study	
B)	the survey	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	the experiment	

90.	In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	naturalistic observation	

91.	In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	survey research.	
C)	a case study.	
D)	an experiment.	

92.	The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group.	
A)	control	
B)	standardized	
C)	baseline	
D)	experimental	

93.	Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?	
A)	The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.	
B)	The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.	
C)	The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.	
D)	The experimental treatment is absent.	

94.	To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	experimental	
B)	survey	
C)	control	
D)	correlational	

95.	Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the caffeinated drinks were assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	survey	
B)	experimental	
C)	correlational	
D)	control	

96.	To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr. Carlson wants to administer vaccine injections to all county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Carlson is most clearly underestimating the importance of	
A)	testing a large sample.	
B)	operationally defining his procedures.	
C)	replicating observations of other researchers.	
D)	creating a control group.	

97.	Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned	
A)	to that group by chance.	
B)	to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.	
C)	in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.	
D)	to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.	

98.	To accurately isolate cause and effect, experimenters should use	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	case studies.	
D)	correlation coefficients.	

99.	To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	operational definitions.	

100.	Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to	
A)	minimize chances that participants in any group know each other.	
B)	increase chances that participants are representative of people in general.	
C)	minimize any differences between groups of participants.	
D)	increase chances that the different groups have the same number of participants.	

101.	One research team randomly assigned hospitalized premature infants either to formula feedings or to breast-milk feedings. Which research method did they use?	
A)	case study	
B)	experimentation	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	correlational research	

102.	The most foolproof way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to use	
A)	survey research.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	correlational research.	
D)	experimental research.	

103.	Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about	
A)	what experimental hypothesis is being tested.	
B)	whether the experimental findings will be meaningful.	
C)	how the dependent variable is measured.	
D)	which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.	

104.	Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	replication.	

105.	To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	operational definitions.	

106.	An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a	
A)	placebo.	
B)	median.	
C)	case study.	
D)	replication.	

107.	In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	replication.	
C)	placebo.	
D)	double blind.	

108.	The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	debriefing.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

109.	The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.	
A)	the double-blind procedure	
B)	random sampling	
C)	positive expectations	
D)	regression toward the mean	

110.	Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population.	
A)	similarities; differences	
B)	differences; similarities	
C)	similarities; similarities	
D)	differences; differences	

111.	In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the	
A)	confounding variable.	
B)	dependent variable.	
C)	standard deviation.	
D)	independent variable.	

112.	In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.	
A)	dependent	
B)	independent	
C)	control	
D)	experimental	

113.	In an experimental study of the impact of exposure to criticism on self-esteem, exposure to criticism would be the ________ variable.	
A)	replicated	
B)	dependent	
C)	confounding	
D)	independent	

114.	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a	
A)	wording effect.	
B)	correlation coefficient.	
C)	placebo effect.	
D)	confounding variable.	

115.	If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	correlation coefficient.	
C)	confounding variable.	
D)	replication.	

116.	In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable.	
A)	dependent	
B)	experimental	
C)	control	
D)	independent	

117.	To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was	
A)	insults or compliments.	
B)	physical appearance.	
C)	interpersonal attraction.	
D)	feelings of self-esteem.	

118.	An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates	
A)	the independent variable.	
B)	an operational definition.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	random assignment.	

119.	Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	correlational research	
C)	the case study	
D)	the experimental method	

120.	The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to	
A)	predict human behavior in almost all situations.	
B)	perceive order in completely random events.	
C)	develop general principles that help explain behavior.	
D)	observe random samples of human conduct.	

121.	Psychologists study animals because	
A)	animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior.	
B)	experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical.	
C)	the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines.	
D)	similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.	

122.	The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the	
A)	usefulness of studying biological processes in animals.	
B)	ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.	
C)	obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality.	
D)	need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research.	

123.	A major issue that has emerged from debates over the use of animals in psychological research centers on	
A)	whether operational definitions help to distinguish between animal and human functioning.	
B)	when use of the double-blind procedure is most appropriate in animal studies.	
C)	whether experimental methods can reduce the need for descriptive methods in research involving animals.	
D)	what safeguards should protect the well-being of animals used in research.	

124.	In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes	
A)	obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly.	
B)	treat information about individual participants confidentially.	
C)	deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.	
D)	allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment.	

125.	Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking	
A)	a representative sample.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	an operational definition.	
D)	a placebo effect.	

126.	The ethics codes of the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge researchers to	
A)	avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.	
B)	forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.	
C)	avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants.	
D)	explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.	

127.	After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called	
A)	debriefing.	
B)	replication.	
C)	informed consent.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

128.	Psychologists' personal values and goals	
A)	are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation.	
B)	lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.	
C)	can bias their observations and interpretations.	
D)	have very little influence on the process of scientific observation.	

129.	The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because	
A)	psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.	
B)	psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions.	
C)	psychological research usually necessitates performing stressful experiments on people.	
D)	psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.	

130.	The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a(n)	
A)	correlation coefficient.	
B)	extrapolation.	
C)	standard deviation.	
D)	bar graph.	

131.	When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to	
A)	mentally transform the data into a normal curve.	
B)	identify the value of the standard deviation.	
C)	note the range and size of the scale values.	
D)	remember that correlation facilitates prediction.	

132.	The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the	
A)	mode.	
B)	median.	
C)	standard deviation.	
D)	mean.	

133.	In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is	
A)	$10,000.	
B)	$15,000.	
C)	$16,000.	
D)	$31,000.	

134.	The mean of a distribution of scores is the	
A)	most frequently occurring score.	
B)	arithmetic average of all the scores.	
C)	least frequently occurring score.	
D)	score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores.	

135.	Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades?	
A)	standard deviation	
B)	median	
C)	mean	
D)	mode	

136.	Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children ages 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is	
A)	5.	
B)	6.	
C)	7.	
D)	8.	

137.	The median of a distribution of scores is the	
A)	most frequently occurring score.	
B)	difference between the highest and lowest scores.	
C)	arithmetic average of all the scores.	
D)	middle score in a distribution of scores.	

138.	During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was	
A)	2.	
B)	10.	
C)	12.	
D)	9.	

139.	Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings	
A)	the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.	
B)	the median is less than the mean and less than the mode.	
C)	the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.	
D)	the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode.	

140.	Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings	
A)	the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median.	
B)	the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median.	
C)	the mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median.	
D)	the mean is less than the mode and less than the median.	

141.	When an arithmetic average is reported in the news, it is most important for readers to	
A)	determine whether it is statistically significant.	
B)	consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases.	
C)	be sure that it represents a standard deviation.	
D)	assume that it is the midpoint of a normal curve.	

142.	For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?	
A)	10, 22, 8, 9, 6	
B)	12, 6, 8, 5, 4	
C)	12, 15, 12, 9, 12	
D)	23, 7, 3, 27, 16	

143.	When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?	
A)	mean	
B)	standard deviation	
C)	mode	
D)	median	

144.	A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and median is said to be	
A)	statistically significant.	
B)	extrapolated.	
C)	a standard deviation.	
D)	skewed.	

145.	Median is to range as central tendency is to ________.	
A)	skewed distribution	
B)	mode	
C)	correlation	
D)	variation	

146.	Central tendency is to variation as ________ is to ________.	
A)	bar graph; normal curve	
B)	range; skewed distribution	
C)	mean; standard deviation	
D)	median; mode	

147.	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the	
A)	mean.	
B)	range.	
C)	median.	
D)	standard deviation.	

148.	During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is	
A)	7.	
B)	11.	
C)	14.	
D)	21.	

149.	Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme scores?	
A)	standard deviation	
B)	mean	
C)	median	
D)	range	

150.	Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of scores?	
A)	mean	
B)	mode	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	correlation	

151.	Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would tell her what she wants to know?	
A)	mean	
B)	median	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	correlation	

152.	The standard deviation is the square root of the average squared deviation of scores from the	
A)	normal curve.	
B)	median.	
C)	mean.	
D)	range.	

153.	On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of	
A)	4.	
B)	5.	
C)	6.	
D)	9.	

154.	Although Dominick's psychology class is sometimes longer or shorter than usual, on average each class is 50 minutes. If the lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic would enable Dominick to estimate the probability that any single class will last somewhere between 47 and 53 minutes?	
A)	range	
B)	median	
C)	correlation	
D)	standard deviation	

155.	The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a	
A)	bar graph.	
B)	normal curve.	
C)	correlation.	
D)	standard deviation.	

156.	A normal curve would approximate the distribution of	
A)	males and females in the total American population.	
B)	American children enrolled in each of the first through sixth grades.	
C)	the physical heights of all American women.	
D)	all of these data.	

157.	Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between –1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean?	
A)	16	
B)	34	
C)	68	
D)	95	

158.	If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed, having a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, approximately 68 percent of the group members receive scores somewhere between	
A)	50 and 60.	
B)	45 and 55.	
C)	40 and 60.	
D)	35 and 65.	

159.	Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.	
A)	1	
B)	2	
C)	3	
D)	5	

160.	Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between ‒3 and +3 standard deviations from the mean?	
A)	34	
B)	68	
C)	95	
D)	100	

161.	If IQ scores are normally distributed, having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people have IQ scores somewhere between 70 and 130?	
A)	34	
B)	50	
C)	68	
D)	95	

162.	Which of the following provides the best guidance on the significance of an observed difference between two research samples?	
A)	a skewed distribution	
B)	percentile scores	
C)	inferential statistics	
D)	bar graphs	

163.	Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a	
A)	range to a standard deviation.	
B)	standard deviation to a mean.	
C)	sample to a population.	
D)	bar graph to a skewed distribution.	

164.	The precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as	
A)	the standard deviation of the sample increases.	
B)	the standard deviation of the sample decreases.	
C)	the mean of the sample increases.	
D)	the mean of the sample decreases.	

165.	A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is	
A)	large.	
B)	a skewed distribution.	
C)	highly variable.	
D)	vivid and memorable.	

166.	Which of the following events is the most probable?	
A)	flipping 6 or more heads in 10 coin flips	
B)	flipping 60 or more heads in 100 coin flips	
C)	flipping 600 or more heads in 1000 coin flips	
D)	All these events are equally probable.	

167.	In a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 babies in hospital Y, and 25 babies in hospital Z. At which hospital is there the greatest probability that more than 60 percent of the babies are of the same sex?	
A)	hospital X	
B)	hospital Y	
C)	hospital Z	
D)	The probability is the same at all three hospitals.	

168.	As the size of a representative sample increases, the ________ of that sample is most likely to decrease.	
A)	range	
B)	mean	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	median	

169.	Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if	
A)	the difference between the samples is large.	
B)	the standard deviations of the samples are large.	
C)	both samples are drawn from the same population.	
D)	the sample means are larger than the sample medians.	

170.	To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the ________ of the observed differences.	
A)	mean	
B)	median	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	statistical significance	

171.	A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be	
A)	a reflection of differences between the populations they represent.	
B)	due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.	
C)	observed more than 5 percent of the time the groups are compared.	
D)	observed when the two groups are very large.	

172.	When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense. Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's assertion.	

173.	The table below lists the scores of eight students on a test to measure anxiety, as well as the typical number of cigarettes each person smokes daily. Scores on the anxiety test can range anywhere from a low of 0 (indicating very low anxiety) to a high of 30 (indicating very high anxiety).
	
Anxiety	
Cigarettes	

Student	
Test Score	
Smoked Daily	

1	
  8	
11	

2	
  9	
  3	

3	
15	
11	

4	
14	
16	

5	
21	
26	

6	
12	
10	

7	
22	
24	

8	
17	
18	

Construct a scatterplot to represent the correlation between smoking and anxiety. Describe the direction of the correlation and give two possible explanations for it.	

174.	Speaking at Verbatim University's graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college and university graduates with adults who are less educated. She correctly noted that people with higher-education degrees pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults. The professor concluded that colleges and universities obviously do great things for society. How might you reasonably challenge the way the professor reached her conclusion?	

175.	Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be sure to specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and control conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research.	

176.	Five students received the following test scores: 7, 11, 5, 6, and 11. Calculate the mode, median, mean, and range of this distribution of scores. Which measure of central tendency would change the most if an additional test score of 2 was included in the distribution?	

177.	At Michigan State University, 32 students are enrolled in class A, 48 students are enrolled in class B, and 16 students are enrolled in class C. For which of these three classes is there the greatest probability that more than 75 percent of the students have blond hair?  Explain your answer and indicate why this explanation has relevance for generalizing appropriately from samples to the larger populations in which you are interested.	

178.	After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	an empirical approach.	
D)	critical thinking.	

179.	Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	curious skepticism.	
C)	overconfidence.	
D)	an empirical approach.	

180.	Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate	
A)	the value of an empirical approach.	
B)	how often random sequences fail to look random.	
C)	the need for critical thinking.	
D)	the accuracy of our intuition.	

181.	The tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in random sequences of outcomes often leads us to underestimate the extent to which outcomes result from	
A)	curious skepticism.	
B)	psychic powers.	
C)	hidden values.	
D)	chance.	

182.	When Leanne read a newspaper report that drinking orange juice triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the children's behavior had been assessed using scientifically appropriate methods. Leanne's reaction best illustrates	
A)	the perils of intuition.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	overconfidence.	

183.	Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of	
A)	a hypothesis.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	an operational definition.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

184.	Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter using?	
A)	survey research	
B)	case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	naturalistic observation	

185.	A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that	
A)	work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness.	
B)	marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress.	
C)	higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.	
D)	marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress.	

186.	When people's negative moods are at their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by an improvement in their mood rather than further worsening. This is best explained in terms of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	illusory correlation.	
C)	informed consent.	
D)	regression toward the mean.	

187.	Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the case study	
C)	the experiment	
D)	naturalistic observation	

188.	In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to	
A)	replication.	
B)	operational definitions.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	placebo effects.	

189.	To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of	
A)	reactions to the comedy skit.	
B)	level of sexual stimulation.	
C)	marital status.	
D)	sense of humor.	

190.	In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, mental alertness would be the	
A)	control condition.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	experimental condition.	
D)	dependent variable.	

191.	Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to	
A)	avoid the use of animals in experimental research.	
B)	minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants.	
C)	treat information about individual research participants confidentially.	
D)	avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research.	

192.	One person in a 10-person group is 10 times older than anyone else in the group. With respect to age, it is MOST likely that the majority of group members are younger than the group's	
A)	mode.	
B)	median.	
C)	mean.	
D)	standard deviation.	

193.	The ________ is a measure of ________.	
A)	standard deviation; central tendency	
B)	mean; variation	
C)	median; central tendency	
D)	mode; variation	

194.	Janet has five brothers who are 4, 6, 6, 9, and 15 years of age. The mean age of Janet's brothers is	
A)	6.	
B)	7.	
C)	8.	
D)	9.	

195.	The maximum height of a normal curve corresponds to the ________ of a normal distribution.	
A)	range	
B)	mean	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	statistical significance	

196.	Random samples provide ________ estimates of population averages if the samples have small ________.	
A)	good; means	
B)	good; standard deviations	
C)	poor; means	
D)	poor; standard deviations	

197.	Hindsight bias leads people to perceive psychological research outcomes as	
A)	unpredictable.	
B)	inexplicable.	
C)	unlikely.	
D)	unsurprising.	

198.	Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates	
A)	chance-related explanation.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	overconfidence.	

199.	If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely?	
A)	H H H T T T	
B)	H T T H T H	
C)	T T H H T H	
D)	All of these sequences would be equally likely.	

200.	By testing their predictions with the observational methods of science, psychologists are most clearly relying on	
A)	intuitive hunches.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	chance-related explanations.	
D)	inevitable events.	

201.	Considering the credibility of one's sources of information is most indicative of	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	intuition.	
D)	hindsight bias.	

202.	Psychological theories help to	
A)	organize scientific observations.	
B)	explain observed facts.	
C)	generate hypotheses.	
D)	do all of these things.	

203.	Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	the case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	the survey	

204.	Every twenty-fifth person who subscribed to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were applying the technique known as	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	replication.	

205.	A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that	
A)	higher levels of popularity among peers is associated with greater physical height in children.	
B)	there is no relationship between children's height and their popularity.	
C)	being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity.	
D)	children's height has no causal impact on their popularity.	

206.	To test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of	
A)	correlational research.	
B)	an experiment.	
C)	survey research.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

207.	In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	survey	
B)	control	
C)	experimental	
D)	correlational	

208.	Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	replication.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	operational definitions.	

209.	In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the	
A)	control condition.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	placebo.	

210.	In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimize	
A)	confounding variables.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	replication.	
D)	random assignment.	

211.	Which of the following processes typically takes place shortly after people complete their participation in a research study?	
A)	random assignment	
B)	informed consent	
C)	the double-blind procedure	
D)	debriefing	

212.	Ahmed has five sisters who are 3, 3, 5, 9, and 10 years of age. The number “5” represents the ________ of the sisters' ages.	
A)	mode	
B)	median	
C)	mean	
D)	range	

213.	The ________ can be a particularly misleading indication of what is average for a ________ distribution of scores.	
A)	mean; skewed	
B)	median; skewed	
C)	mean; normal	
D)	median; normal	

214.	To provide a rough estimate of how similar or diverse a set of scores is, we should calculate the	
A)	standard deviation.	
B)	mean.	
C)	median.	
D)	range.	

215.	The ________ is a measure of ________.	
A)	median; variation	
B)	range; central tendency	
C)	standard deviation; variation	
D)	normal curve; central tendency	

216.	Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be statistically significant if the samples are _______ and the standard deviations of the samples are _______.	
A)	small; small	
B)	large; large	
C)	small; large	
D)	large; small	

217.	Speedy and automatic conclusions triggered by gut-level feelings are best described as	
A)	random events.	
B)	intuitions.	
C)	predictions.	
D)	hidden values.	

218.	Jennifer's new dorm roommate has the same first name as someone Jennifer dislikes. Without realizing it, Jennifer's immediate gut-level reaction to the name has led her to form a negative first impression of her roommate. This best illustrates the impact of	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	overconfidence.	
C)	intuition.	
D)	critical thinking.	

219.	Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in	
A)	curious skepticism.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	human intuition.	
D)	critical thinking.	

220.	Hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that	
A)	psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values.	
B)	psychological research studies are simplified versions of reality.	
C)	psychological theories and observations are merely common sense.	
D)	psychological research studies are unethical.	

221.	Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women consider the research findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of	
A)	an empirical approach.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	scientific humility.	
D)	critical thinking.	

222.	A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own. This statement would seem unsurprising to students because	
A)	most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves.	
B)	this finding is consistent with common sense.	
C)	students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves.	
D)	students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries.	

223.	According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	curious skepticism.	
D)	random sequencing.	

224.	Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perceptions that psychological research merely documents the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to	
A)	describe how research predictions were derived from basic psychological principles.	
B)	predict the outcomes of research studies before they are told the actual results.	
C)	explain the outcomes of research studies after they are told the actual results.	
D)	personally engage in observing people in their natural setting.	

225.	When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams. This best illustrates	
A)	evidence-based conclusions.	
B)	perceiving order in random events.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	overconfidence.	

226.	As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	random sequencing.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	critical thinking.	

227.	Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	unconscious thinking.	
D)	perceiving order in random events.	

228.	After predicting world events, such as whether Quebec would separate from Canada, mistaken experts maintained that they were “almost right.” This attitude is an example of	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	an empirical approach.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	chance-related explanation.	

229.	In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect and series of tails occur ________ often than people expect.	
A)	more; less	
B)	less; more	
C)	more; more	
D)	less; less	

230.	Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of	
A)	taking an empirical approach.	
B)	attributing these three similarities to chance.	
C)	perceiving order in random events.	
D)	assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests.	

231.	The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of	
A)	using chance-related explanations.	
B)	engaging in empirical research.	
C)	assuming that most people share your opinions.	
D)	perceiving order in coincidental events.	

232.	Psychologists attempt to let the facts speak for themselves by using an approach that is best described as	
A)	empirical.	
B)	intuitive.	
C)	instinctive.	
D)	unpredictable.	

233.	As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that	
A)	people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking.	
B)	most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong.	
C)	claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence.	
D)	events never occur randomly.	

234.	When psychologists insist that “the rat is always right,” they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of	
A)	humility.	
B)	respect for animals.	
C)	ecological sensitivity.	
D)	instinctive awareness.	

235.	Critical thinkers can best be described as	
A)	questioning.	
B)	cynical.	
C)	pessimistic.	
D)	impatient.	

236.	A refusal to consider potential evidence that might conflict with one's preconceived ideas best illustrates a lack of	
A)	chance-related explanation.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	intuitive hunches.	
D)	overconfidence.	

237.	One of your professors has used observational evidence to justify a cause-effect conclusion. Questioning the validity of drawing this conclusion from the evidence best illustrates	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	overconfidence.	
D)	perceiving order in random events.	

238.	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events is called a(n)	
A)	independent variable.	
B)	hypothesis.	
C)	theory.	
D)	scatterplot.	

239.	According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of	
A)	an operational definition.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	replication.	
D)	a theory.	

240.	A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	operational definition.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	hypothesis.	

241.	Hypotheses are best described as	
A)	assumptions.	
B)	replications.	
C)	explanations.	
D)	predictions.	

242.	Dr. Birk suggests that since depression is associated with pessimistic thinking, depressed students would be more likely than nondepressed students to perceive themselves as academically incompetent. Dr. Birk's prediction regarding students' self-perceptions is an example of a(n)	
A)	illusory correlation.	
B)	placebo effect.	
C)	confounding variable.	
D)	hypothesis.	

243.	A statement describing how a researcher manipulates an independent variable is known as a(n)	
A)	control condition.	
B)	replication.	
C)	operational definition.	
D)	hypothesis.	

244.	In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n)	
A)	experimental hypothesis.	
B)	case study.	
C)	double-blind procedure.	
D)	operational definition.	

245.	Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate	
A)	replication.	
B)	positive correlations.	
C)	regression toward the mean.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

246.	Replication involves	
A)	the selection of random samples.	
B)	randomly assigning research participants to different groups.	
C)	repeating an earlier research study.	
D)	rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.	

247.	To verify the reliability of a new scientific finding, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	replication.	
D)	positive correlation.	

248.	Professor Bolden claims that his experimental research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills. How might he best offer further support for the reliability of this finding?	
A)	replication	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	case studies	
D)	correlational research	

249.	A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in great depth is called a	
A)	replication.	
B)	case study.	
C)	survey.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

250.	To better understand how brain malfunctions influence behavior, Dr. Mosher extensively and carefully observes and questions two stroke victims. Which research method is Dr. Mosher using?	
A)	random sampling	
B)	the survey	
C)	the case study	
D)	experimentation	

251.	Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children. Which research method did he use?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the double-blind procedure	
C)	the case study	
D)	random assignment	

252.	Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of	
A)	the double-blind procedure.	
B)	replication.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	false generalization.	

253.	After carefully studying how three single parents dealt with the loss of their jobs, Dr. Phong began to overestimate the national rate of unemployment. In this instance, Dr. Phong should be warned that ________ may be misleading.	
A)	surveys	
B)	case studies	
C)	dependent variables	
D)	random samples	

254.	To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of	
A)	survey research.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	experimental methods.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

255.	To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	the survey	
C)	the case study	
D)	experimentation	

256.	Naturalistic observation is most useful for	
A)	describing behaviors.	
B)	predicting attitudes.	
C)	explaining complex emotions.	
D)	detecting cause-effect relationships.	

257.	People from countries with lower economic status have been found more likely to solicit Facebook friendship with those in higher-status countries than vice versa. This information was obtained by means of	
A)	case studies.	
B)	experimentation.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	surveys.	

258.	A count of positive and negative words in millions of Twitter messages suggests that people seem most happy on	
A)	Mondays.	
B)	Wednesdays.	
C)	Fridays.	
D)	Sundays.	

259.	Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer?	
A)	survey research	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	experimentation	
D)	the double-blind procedure	

260.	Researchers make no effort to manipulate or control variables when they engage in	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	replication.	
D)	experimentation.	

261.	The survey is a research method in which	
A)	individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments.	
B)	a representative, random sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors.	
C)	an individual or group is studied in great depth.	
D)	an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other.	

262.	Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political attitudes and the economic status of North Americans?	
A)	the survey	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	experimentation	
D)	the case study	

263.	A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These differing findings best illustrate the importance of	
A)	representative samples.	
B)	the placebo effect.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	wording effects.	

264.	Researchers observe random samples because these samples are likely to be	
A)	easy to observe.	
B)	homogeneous.	
C)	representative.	
D)	easy to debrief.	

265.	The children in Mrs. Shashoua's neighborhood make fun of her limp. She concludes that today's kids are typically cruel and insensitive. Mrs. Shashoua ought to remind herself that reasonable generalizations depend on	
A)	observing representative samples.	
B)	recognizing that others may not share our opinions.	
C)	realizing that correlation does not mean causation.	
D)	eliminating confounding variables.	

266.	Mrs. Blair concludes that boys do not read as well as girls because most of the students in her remedial reading classes are boys. Mrs. Blair's conclusion best illustrates the danger of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	generalizing from select cases.	
C)	confusing correlation with causation.	
D)	random sampling.	

267.	The whole group from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)	
A)	control condition.	
B)	population.	
C)	case study.	
D)	independent variable.	

268.	To learn about the religious attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)	
A)	independent variable.	
B)	representative sample.	
C)	control condition.	
D)	population.	

269.	A random sample of a large group of people is one in which	
A)	the number of people included in the sample is determined by chance.	
B)	every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample.	
C)	personality differences among those in the sample are practically nonexistent.	
D)	all of these situations are true.	

270.	Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?	
A)	random assignment	
B)	replication	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	random sampling	

271.	Website polls and call-in phone surveys often yield unrepresentative results because they fail to use	
A)	operational definitions.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	scatterplots.	
D)	double-blind procedures.	

272.	Which of the following is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together?	
A)	replication	
B)	experimentation	
C)	correlation	
D)	extrapolation	

273.	A correlation coefficient is a(n)	
A)	confounding variable.	
B)	statistical index.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

274.	A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the	
A)	difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	
B)	extent to which two factors vary together.	
C)	statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.	
D)	frequency of scores at each level of some measure.	

275.	To assess the extent to which death rates increase as people age, researchers would most likely make use of	
A)	the double-blind procedure.	
B)	case studies.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	correlation.	

276.	Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades?	
A)	a scatterplot	
B)	a random sample	
C)	a correlation coefficient	
D)	an independent variable	

277.	If university graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are	
A)	positively correlated.	
B)	independent variables.	
C)	dependent variables.	
D)	negatively correlated.	

278.	A scatterplot graphically depicts the	
A)	standard deviation of a distribution of scores.	
B)	arithmetic average of a distribution of scores.	
C)	total population from which samples may be drawn.	
D)	degree of relationship between two variables.	

279.	A correlation coefficient can range in value from	
A)	0 to 100.	
B)	0 to 1.00.	
C)	1 to 99.	
D)	–1.00 to +1.00.	

280.	If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from lower left to upper right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are	
A)	random samples.	
B)	positively correlated.	
C)	negatively correlated.	
D)	not correlated.	

281.	Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?	
A)	+0.05	
B)	–0.01	
C)	+0.10	
D)	+0.50	

282.	Which of the following correlations expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?	
A)	+0.10	
B)	–0.67	
C)	–0.10	
D)	+0.59	

283.	A correlation between levels of impulsiveness and annual income of –0.75 would indicate that	
A)	lower levels of impulsiveness are associated with lower levels of annual income.	
B)	higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of impulsiveness.	
C)	it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of impulsiveness levels.	
D)	impulsiveness has no causal influence on annual income.	

284.	Gene believes he is much more likely to win the state lottery if he chooses the numbers than if the numbers are randomly generated by a computer program. Gene's belief best illustrates	
A)	regression toward the mean.	
B)	an independent variable.	
C)	an illusion of control.	
D)	a scatterplot.	

285.	Akira dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date. When he actually did call for a date several days later, Akira concluded that dreams accurately predict future events. Her belief best illustrates	
A)	regression toward the mean.	
B)	an illusory correlation.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	a scatterplot.	

286.	Which statistical phenomenon refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events?	
A)	random sampling	
B)	replication	
C)	regression toward the mean	
D)	illusory correlation	

287.	Students who score much higher on an exam than they usually do can reasonably anticipate ________ scores when they are retested.	
A)	very low	
B)	somewhat lower	
C)	equally high	
D)	even higher	

288.	Unusual ESP subjects who defy chance when first tested nearly always lose their “psychic powers” when retested. This decline is best explained in terms of	
A)	illusory correlation.	
B)	regression toward the mean.	
C)	a placebo effect.	
D)	a confounding variable.	

289.	Although Soren once scored 37 points during a single high school basketball game, he was subsequently unable to beat or match this record no matter how hard he tried. His experience may be at least partially explained in terms of	
A)	an illusion of control.	
B)	regression toward the mean.	
C)	illusory correlation.	
D)	random assignment.	

290.	A researcher would be MOST likely to discover a negative correlation between	
A)	body height and body weight.	
B)	self-esteem and depression.	
C)	education and personal wealth.	
D)	intelligence and academic success.	

291.	If those with low self-esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression, this would not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions because	
A)	sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.	
B)	a placebo effect may be operating.	
C)	association does not prove causation.	
D)	confounding variables may have an effect.	

292.	Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of	
A)	the placebo effect.	
B)	regression toward the mean.	
C)	confusing association with causation.	
D)	generalizing from unrepresentative samples.	

293.	If psychologists discovered that people who live at the poverty level have more aggressive children than wealthy people, this would clearly indicate that	
A)	poverty has a negative influence on children's behavior.	
B)	the factors that lead to poverty also cause aggressive behavior.	
C)	people's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

294.	A positive correlation between self-esteem and academic success would indicate that	
A)	a positive self-concept contributes to academic success.	
B)	academic success contributes to a favorable self-image.	
C)	those with high self-esteem are more academically successful than those with low self-esteem.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

295.	Incorrectly interpreting a correlation between two factors as evidence of causation is best avoided by making use of	
A)	experiments.	
B)	survey research.	
C)	case studies.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

296.	A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular effect is called a(n)	
A)	survey.	
B)	experiment.	
C)	case study.	
D)	correlation.	

297.	The experiment is a research method in which	
A)	a random sample of individuals are questioned about their opinions and behaviors.	
B)	individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment.	
C)	a researcher manipulates one or more factors that might affect behavior.	
D)	an individual is studied in great depth.	

298.	To maximize control over the factors they are studying, researchers engage in	
A)	case studies.	
B)	correlational research.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	surveys.	

299.	Which of the following research methods would most effectively demonstrate that watching TV violence causes children to act aggressively?	
A)	experiment	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	survey	
D)	case study	

300.	Experimentation is more useful than correlational research for testing the claim that	
A)	children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive.	
B)	people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers.	
C)	people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by the consumption of alcohol.	
D)	people who drink higher-than-average amounts of coffee are also likely to drink higher-than-average amounts of tea.	

301.	Unlike correlational studies, experiments involve	
A)	operationally defining research procedures.	
B)	manipulating the factors of interest.	
C)	studying observable behaviors.	
D)	replication of previous research.	

302.	The most effective way of assessing the impact of hormone replacement therapy on women's health is by means of	
A)	case studies.	
B)	experiments.	
C)	correlational measurement.	
D)	naturalistic observations.	

303.	In an experiment, the experimental group is the group that	
A)	receives a placebo.	
B)	is informed about which treatment they are receiving.	
C)	is exposed to the treatment being tested by the experiment.	
D)	is not fully debriefed following the completion of the experiment.	

304.	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment being tested is called the ________ group.	
A)	standardized	
B)	naturalistic	
C)	placebo	
D)	control	

305.	To provide a comparison for evaluating the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	control group.	
D)	experimental group.	

306.	In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug for treating diabetes, research participants who receive a placebo have been assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	dependent variable	
B)	correlational	
C)	experimental	
D)	control	

307.	To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	control group.	
D)	experimental group.	

308.	In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, groups of monkeys were raised in either a smoke-free or smoke-infested environment. Monkeys in the smoke-infested environment were assigned to the _______ group.	
A)	correlational	
B)	survey	
C)	control	
D)	experimental	

309.	Random assignment is most likely to be used in ________ research.	
A)	survey	
B)	case study	
C)	correlational	
D)	experimental	

310.	To minimize any differences between participants who are in the control and experimental groups, psychologists make use of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	replication.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	correlation.	

311.	A psychologist wants to be sure that her research findings do not result from age or personality differences between participants in the experimental and control groups. She should use	
A)	replication.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

312.	To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of people work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To be sure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels, the researcher should use	
A)	the case study.	
B)	correlational measurement.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	random assignment.	

313.	Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.	
A)	correlational studies; case studies	
B)	surveys; experiments	
C)	replication; correlation	
D)	description; prediction	

314.	In a drug-treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a	
A)	random sample.	
B)	double blind.	
C)	replication.	
D)	placebo.	

315.	Research participants and research staff are unaware of which participants received a placebo and which participants received an actual drug. This illustrates	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	illusory correlation.	
C)	a confounding variable.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

316.	A group of experimenters want to test the effectiveness of a well-known and expensive brand of pain medication against the effectiveness of a lesser-known and cheaper brand. To prevent any expectations about brand effectiveness from influencing their experimental test, the researchers are likely to make use of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	replication.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

317.	The double-blind procedure is most likely to be used in ________ research.	
A)	survey	
B)	case study	
C)	correlational	
D)	experimental	

318.	Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	a confounding variable.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	random sampling.	

319.	The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by	
A)	replication.	
B)	debriefing.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	regression toward the mean.	

320.	In a psychological experiment, researchers are interested in studying the potential effects of the ________ variable.	
A)	dependent	
B)	confounding	
C)	independent	
D)	random	

321.	Distinguishing between an experimental group and a control group is most relevant to specifying the nature of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	confounding variables.	
C)	a standard deviation.	
D)	independent variables.	

322.	To study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who had just drunk either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of	
A)	the age of the research participants.	
B)	the physical coordination skills of the research participants.	
C)	the amount of alcohol consumed.	
D)	the effects of alcohol consumption.	

323.	Which procedure is most likely to be used to control for possible confounding variables?	
A)	debriefing	
B)	informed consent	
C)	random assignment	
D)	standard deviation	

324.	The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor	
A)	that is directly manipulated by the investigator.	
B)	that may be influenced by the experimental treatment.	
C)	whose effect is being studied.	
D)	that causes the behavior being studied.	

325.	In an experimental study of the extent to which sexual arousal is stimulated by laughter, sexual arousal would be the	
A)	control condition.	
B)	experimental condition.	
C)	independent variable.	
D)	dependent variable.	

326.	Conducting a case study best illustrates	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	correlational research.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	a descriptive method.	

327.	Psychology experiments are typically designed to	
A)	test principles that help explain behavior.	
B)	observe behaviors that are unobservable outside the laboratory.	
C)	re-create the naturally occurring conditions that influence people's daily behaviors.	
D)	observe a truly random sample of human or animal behavior.	

328.	Psychologists study animals because	
A)	they want to understand how different species think and behave.	
B)	animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology.	
C)	it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans.	
D)	of all of these reasons.	

329.	Gallup surveys suggest that the majority of adults in Canada and the United States believe that	
A)	medical testing on animals for research purposes is morally acceptable.	
B)	the well-being of animals used in research studies should be placed above the well-being of humans.	
C)	animals should be used only in research studies that directly benefit the animals involved in those studies.	
D)	animals should be fully debriefed following their use in research studies.	

330.	The British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association have issued guidelines for animal research. These guidelines call for	
A)	housing social animals with companions.	
B)	ensuring the health of research animals.	
C)	minimizing the infliction of pain on research animals.	
D)	all of these requirements.	

331.	Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment in order to prevent them from	
A)	worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience.	
B)	realizing that their privacy is being violated.	
C)	deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment.	
D)	trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions.	

332.	Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge investigators to	
A)	forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.	
B)	avoid the use of laboratory experiments when the behaviors of interest can be directly observed in natural settings.	
C)	ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research.	
D)	avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.	

333.	The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right to	
A)	choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.	
B)	know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group.	
C)	replicate the results of a research study.	
D)	be fully debriefed following their participation in research.	

334.	Debriefing refers to	
A)	a technique for assessing the attitudes of those who respond to a survey.	
B)	repeating a research study with a different set of participants than those in the original study.	
C)	a procedure designed to inhibit the placebo effect.	
D)	explaining a research study to participants after the study is completed.	

335.	The personal values of psychologists are likely to influence their choice of	
A)	topics of investigation.	
B)	research methods.	
C)	explanatory theories.	
D)	topics, methods, and theories.	

336.	An understanding of behavior and mental processes can be misused to manipulate people. That's why some worry about the potential dangers of	
A)	confounding variables.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	dual processing.	
D)	psychology.	

337.	The percentage of students whose average grades fall into various performance levels could be represented by a	
A)	standard deviation.	
B)	bar graph.	
C)	mode.	
D)	correlation.	

338.	Measures of central tendency are most useful for	
A)	determining statistical significance.	
B)	summarizing data.	
C)	extrapolating from the sample to the population.	
D)	enabling measurement of more variable groups.	

339.	The mode, median, and mean are measures of	
A)	central tendency.	
B)	variation.	
C)	correlation.	
D)	statistical significance.	

340.	The mode of a distribution of scores is the	
A)	score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores.	
B)	most frequently occurring score.	
C)	arithmetic average of all the scores.	
D)	difference between the highest and lowest scores.	

341.	Six different students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group's entertainment expenditures is	
A)	$9.	
B)	$11.	
C)	$12.	
D)	$13.	

342.	The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the	
A)	mode.	
B)	median.	
C)	standard deviation.	
D)	mean.	

343.	The most familiar measure of central tendency is the	
A)	mode.	
B)	mean.	
C)	median.	
D)	standard deviation.	

344.	During the past month, Henri and Sylvia each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals was	
A)	5.	
B)	7.	
C)	8.	
D)	10.	

345.	In any distribution of scores, an equal number of scores are both greater than and less than	
A)	the mode.	
B)	the mean.	
C)	the median.	
D)	any of these measures of central tendency.	

346.	Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children ages 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is	
A)	6.	
B)	7.	
C)	8.	
D)	9.	

347.	Seven members of a girls' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of raffle tickets: $5, $9, $4, $11, $6, $4, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the	
A)	median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode.	
B)	median is less than the mean and less than the mode.	
C)	median is greater than the mean and less than the mode.	
D)	median is less than the mean and greater than the mode.	

348.	Seven members of a debate club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cakes: $7, $13, $3, $5, $2, $9, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the	
A)	mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median.	
B)	mean is equal to the mode and less than the median.	
C)	mean is greater than the mode and equal to the median.	
D)	mean is less than the mode and less than the median.	

349.	In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores?	
A)	median	
B)	mode	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	mean	

350.	The mode, median, and mean are most likely to have different values when they	
A)	describe a skewed distribution.	
B)	are derived from a limited range of scores.	
C)	represent the central tendency of a random sample.	
D)	represent the central tendency of an entire population.	

351.	To understand the British newspaper headline “Income for 62% Is Below Average,” a reader needs to appreciate the distinction between the ________ and the mean.	
A)	range	
B)	standard deviation	
C)	mode	
D)	median	

352.	For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?	
A)	16, 28, 4, 8, 24	
B)	9, 6, 9, 12, 9	
C)	8, 9, 12, 10, 16	
D)	6, 18, 4, 5, 2	

353.	Variation is to central tendency as range is to ________.	
A)	mode	
B)	bar graph	
C)	scatterplot	
D)	correlation	

354.	Standard deviation is to mean as ________ is to ________.	
A)	median; mode	
B)	variation; central tendency	
C)	bar graph; normal curve	
D)	correlation; range	

355.	Which of the following provides only a rough indication of the degree of variation among a set of scores?	
A)	correlation	
B)	standard deviation	
C)	range	
D)	median	

356.	The range is	
A)	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	
B)	the most commonly used measure of variation.	
C)	the average deviation of scores from the mean.	
D)	the most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores.	

357.	The intelligence test scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is	
A)	14.	
B)	36.	
C)	48.	
D)	100.	

358.	Two students in an art class are at least 20 years older than the others. Which measure of variation of class members' ages is most affected by the ages of these two students?	
A)	standard deviation	
B)	mode	
C)	median	
D)	range	

359.	The standard deviation is a measure of	
A)	central tendency.	
B)	variation.	
C)	statistical significance.	
D)	correlation.	

360.	Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of her students' scores on the last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the	
A)	test was given to a very small class of students.	
B)	test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.	
C)	students generally performed very well on the test.	
D)	students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.	

361.	To calculate the numerical value of the standard deviation, it would be most reasonable to first compute the value of the	
A)	mean.	
B)	mode.	
C)	correlation coefficient.	
D)	median.	

362.	During the season, four members of the Salem baseball team made 4, 2, 6, and 4 home runs, respectively. For this distribution of home runs, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of	
A)	2.	
B)	4.	
C)	6.	
D)	8.	

363.	A normal curve would be LEAST likely to characterize a large random sample of	
A)	body weights.	
B)	intelligence scores.	
C)	family incomes.	
D)	professional baseball batting averages.	

364.	On average, Caryl's school bus arrives on time, although sometimes it is a bit early or late. If the arrival times are distributed on a normal curve, which of the following statistics would enable Caryl to estimate the probability that her bus will arrive within 5 minutes of its scheduled arrival time on any given day?	
A)	median	
B)	mean	
C)	standard deviation	
D)	correlation	

365.	Approximately 68 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.	
A)	1	
B)	2	
C)	3	
D)	34	

366.	Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between –2 and +2 standard deviations from the mean?	
A)	34	
B)	68	
C)	95	
D)	100	

367.	If IQ scores are normally distributed, having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people have IQ scores between 85 and 115?	
A)	34	
B)	50	
C)	68	
D)	95	

368.	If IQ scores are normally distributed, having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people have IQ scores between 55 and 145?	
A)	34	
B)	68	
C)	95	
D)	100	

369.	If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed, having a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 6, approximately 95 percent of the scores are somewhere between	
A)	72 and 78.	
B)	75 and 87.	
C)	69 and 81.	
D)	63 and 87.	

370.	After his property was vandalized by a small group of teenagers, Mr. Mahmood concluded that most teenagers are irresponsible and delinquent. Mr. Mahmood ought to be reminded that accurate generalizations depend on	
A)	a realization that random events may not look random.	
B)	detecting cause-effect relationships.	
C)	the observation of representative samples.	
D)	the selection of samples from a skewed population.	

371.	We can MOST accurately estimate the mean of a population if	
A)	a sample is large in size and low in variability.	
B)	a sample is small in size and high in variability.	
C)	a sample is large in size and high in variability.	
D)	a sample is small in size and low in variability.	

372.	The average scores of two samples taken from the same population are most likely to differ if	
A)	the samples are both small.	
B)	the standard deviations of the samples are both small.	
C)	the samples differ from each other in size.	
D)	the sample means are both similar to the sample medians.	

373.	Faustin, a member of his school's golf team, has an opportunity to play against a nationally acclaimed professional golfer. How many holes of golf should Faustin choose to play with the professional in order to maximize his own slim chances of winning?	
A)	9	
B)	18	
C)	27	
D)	36	

374.	If half the students at Quincy University have blue eyes, which of the following events is most probable?	
A)	In a class consisting of 15 students, 80% or more have blue eyes.	
B)	In a class consisting of 30 students, 80% or more have blue eyes.	
C)	In a class consisting of 45 students, 80% or more have blue eyes.	
D)	All of these answers are equally probable.	

375.	Statistical significance refers to whether research	
A)	variables are causally related.	
B)	participants were randomly assigned to particular conditions.	
C)	findings are due to chance variations.	
D)	results add support to previous findings.	

376.	A random sample of females was observed to exhibit a lower average level of self-esteem than a random sample of males. To assess the likelihood that this observed difference reflects a real difference in the average self-esteem of the total population of males and females, you should	
A)	construct a bar graph.	
B)	calculate the correlation.	
C)	plot the distribution of self-esteem levels among all males and females.	
D)	conduct a test of statistical significance.	

377.	An observed difference between two sample groups is more likely to be statistically significant if	
A)	the observed difference is small.	
B)	the sample groups are small.	
C)	the standard deviations of the sample groups are small.	
D)	both samples are drawn from the same population.	

Answer Key

1.	C	
2.	D	
3.	C	
4.	B	
5.	C	
6.	B	
7.	D	
8.	A	
9.	A	
10.	B	
11.	C	
12.	D	
13.	B	
14.	A	
15.	D	
16.	A	
17.	D	
18.	B	
19.	C	
20.	B	
21.	C	
22.	B	
23.	C	
24.	A	
25.	D	
26.	C	
27.	A	
28.	C	
29.	B	
30.	C	
31.	C	
32.	D	
33.	C	
34.	C	
35.	A	
36.	B	
37.	B	
38.	A	
39.	B	
40.	C	
41.	B	
42.	B	
43.	C	
44.	B	
45.	D	
46.	B	
47.	A	
48.	B	
49.	D	
50.	A	
51.	B	
52.	B	
53.	D	
54.	D	
55.	C	
56.	C	
57.	B	
58.	A	
59.	D	
60.	D	
61.	A	
62.	A	
63.	B	
64.	C	
65.	A	
66.	B	
67.	B	
68.	C	
69.	C	
70.	D	
71.	C	
72.	A	
73.	A	
74.	B	
75.	A	
76.	A	
77.	A	
78.	A	
79.	B	
80.	D	
81.	D	
82.	B	
83.	D	
84.	C	
85.	B	
86.	B	
87.	B	
88.	C	
89.	D	
90.	C	
91.	D	
92.	D	
93.	D	
94.	C	
95.	B	
96.	D	
97.	A	
98.	A	
99.	A	
100.	C	
101.	B	
102.	D	
103.	D	
104.	C	
105.	B	
106.	A	
107.	C	
108.	D	
109.	C	
110.	D	
111.	D	
112.	B	
113.	D	
114.	D	
115.	C	
116.	A	
117.	C	
118.	B	
119.	B	
120.	C	
121.	D	
122.	B	
123.	D	
124.	C	
125.	B	
126.	D	
127.	A	
128.	C	
129.	A	
130.	D	
131.	C	
132.	A	
133.	A	
134.	B	
135.	C	
136.	D	
137.	D	
138.	D	
139.	C	
140.	D	
141.	B	
142.	A	
143.	A	
144.	D	
145.	D	
146.	C	
147.	B	
148.	C	
149.	D	
150.	C	
151.	C	
152.	C	
153.	C	
154.	D	
155.	B	
156.	C	
157.	C	
158.	C	
159.	B	
160.	D	
161.	D	
162.	C	
163.	C	
164.	B	
165.	A	
166.	A	
167.	C	
168.	C	
169.	A	
170.	D	
171.	B	
172.		
173.		
174.		
175.		
176.		
177.		
178.	B	
179.	C	
180.	D	
181.	D	
182.	C	
183.	A	
184.	D	
185.	C	
186.	D	
187.	C	
188.	D	
189.	B	
190.	D	
191.	C	
192.	C	
193.	C	
194.	C	
195.	B	
196.	B	
197.	D	
198.	D	
199.	D	
200.	B	
201.	B	
202.	D	
203.	B	
204.	C	
205.	A	
206.	B	
207.	B	
208.	A	
209.	B	
210.	A	
211.	D	
212.	B	
213.	A	
214.	D	
215.	C	
216.	C	
217.	B	
218.	C	
219.	C	
220.	C	
221.	B	
222.	D	
223.	A	
224.	B	
225.	D	
226.	A	
227.	A	
228.	A	
229.	C	
230.	C	
231.	D	
232.	A	
233.	C	
234.	A	
235.	A	
236.	B	
237.	A	
238.	C	
239.	D	
240.	D	
241.	D	
242.	D	
243.	C	
244.	D	
245.	A	
246.	C	
247.	C	
248.	A	
249.	B	
250.	C	
251.	C	
252.	D	
253.	B	
254.	D	
255.	A	
256.	A	
257.	C	
258.	D	
259.	B	
260.	A	
261.	B	
262.	A	
263.	D	
264.	C	
265.	A	
266.	B	
267.	B	
268.	D	
269.	B	
270.	D	
271.	B	
272.	C	
273.	B	
274.	B	
275.	D	
276.	C	
277.	A	
278.	D	
279.	D	
280.	B	
281.	D	
282.	B	
283.	B	
284.	C	
285.	B	
286.	C	
287.	B	
288.	B	
289.	B	
290.	B	
291.	C	
292.	C	
293.	C	
294.	C	
295.	A	
296.	B	
297.	C	
298.	C	
299.	A	
300.	C	
301.	B	
302.	B	
303.	C	
304.	D	
305.	C	
306.	D	
307.	C	
308.	D	
309.	D	
310.	A	
311.	B	
312.	D	
313.	B	
314.	D	
315.	D	
316.	D	
317.	D	
318.	C	
319.	C	
320.	C	
321.	D	
322.	C	
323.	C	
324.	B	
325.	D	
326.	D	
327.	A	
328.	D	
329.	A	
330.	D	
331.	D	
332.	C	
333.	A	
334.	D	
335.	D	
336.	D	
337.	B	
338.	B	
339.	A	
340.	B	
341.	D	
342.	D	
343.	B	
344.	B	
345.	C	
346.	B	
347.	D	
348.	A	
349.	D	
350.	A	
351.	D	
352.	D	
353.	A	
354.	B	
355.	C	
356.	A	
357.	B	
358.	D	
359.	B	
360.	D	
361.	A	
362.	A	
363.	C	
364.	C	
365.	A	
366.	C	
367.	C	
368.	D	
369.	D	
370.	C	
371.	A	
372.	A	
373.	A	
374.	A	
375.	C	
376.	D	
377.	C