Chapter 1: Introduction to Project Management

TRUE/FALSE

	1.	Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries.

ANS:	T
Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries. Today’s project management involves much more, and people in every industry and every country manage projects.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.2
OBJ:	LO: 1-1	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	TOP:	Introduction
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	2.	A difference between operations and projects is that operations end when their objectives have been reached, whereas projects do not.

ANS:	F
Projects are different from operations in that they end when their objectives have been reached or the project has been terminated.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.4
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	3.	Every project should have a well-defined objective.

ANS:	T
A project has a unique purpose. Every project should have a well-defined objective.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.6
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	4.	Projects should be developed in increments.

ANS:	T
A project is developed using progressive elaboration. Projects are often defined broadly when they begin, and as time passes, the specific details of the project become clearer. Therefore, projects should be developed in increments.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.6
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	5.	Resources in a project should be used effectively because they are limited.

ANS:	T
A project requires resources, often from various areas. Resources, however, are limited and must be used effectively to meet project and other corporate goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p. 7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	6.	A project manager’s primary role is to provide the funding for a project.

ANS:	F
A project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for a project.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	7.	One of the main reasons why project management is challenging is because of the factor of uncertainty.

ANS:	T
A project involves uncertainty. Every project is unique and thus it is sometimes difficult to define its objectives clearly, estimate how long it will take to complete, or determine how much it will cost. This uncertainty is one of the main reasons project management is so challenging.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	8.	Questions about how a team will track schedule performance is related to a project’s scope.

ANS:	F
Project scope deals with questions such as, “What work will be done as part of the project?”, “What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project?”, or “How will the scope be verified?”

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	9.	In order to be realistic, a project manager should always set discrete goals instead of a range of objectives.

ANS:	F
Projects involve uncertainty and limited resources. Thus they rarely finish according to their original scope, time, and cost goals. Instead of discrete target goals, it is often more realistic to set a range of goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.8
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	10.	Managing the triple constraint primarily involves making trade-offs between resources and quality.

ANS:	F
Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project. Experienced project managers know that one must decide which aspect of the triple constraint is most important.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.9
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Product?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	11.	The only responsibility of a project manager is to meet the specific scope, time, and cost goals of a project.

ANS:	F
Project managers must strive not only to meet specific scope, time, cost, and quality goals of projects but also facilitate the entire process to meet the needs and expectations of people involved in project activities or affected by them.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.9
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	12.	A project’s stakeholders consist of its customers, users, and suppliers.

ANS:	T
Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of a project.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.10
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	13.	Opponents of a project do not belong to the category of stakeholders.

ANS:	F
Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of a project.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.10
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	14.	The importance of stakeholders’ needs and expectations is limited to the beginning of a project.

ANS:	F
Stakeholders’ needs and expectations are important in the beginning and throughout the life of a project. Successful project managers develop good relationships with project stakeholders to understand and meet their needs and expectations.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.11
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	15.	Project procurement management primarily involves identifying stakeholder needs while managing their engagement throughout the life of the project.

ANS:	F
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	16.	The primary role of project stakeholder management is to ensure that the project will satisfy the stated needs for which it was undertaken.

ANS:	F
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project stakeholder management includes identifying and analyzing stakeholder needs while managing and controlling their engagement throughout the life of the product.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	17.	Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with a project.

ANS:	T
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	18.	Stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are tools used in integration management.

ANS:	T
Project selection methods, project management methodologies, stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are some of the tools used in integration management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	19.	Earned value management is a tool primarily used in human resource management.

ANS:	F
Project budgets, net present value, return on investment, payback analysis, and earned value management are tools used in cost management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	20.	Responsibility assignment matrices and project organizational charts are examples of tools used in procurement management.

ANS:	F
Motivation techniques, empathic listening, responsibility assignment matrices, project organizational charts, and team building exercises are tools used in human resource management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	21.	Maturity models, statistical methods, and test plans are examples of tools used in quality management.

ANS:	T
Quality metrics, maturity models, statistical methods, and test plans are some of the tools used in quality management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	22.	Project managers work with the project sponsors to define success for particular projects.

ANS:	T
Project managers work with the project sponsors, the project team, and other stakeholders to meet project goals. They also work with sponsors to define success for particular projects.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.16
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	23.	Good project managers assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors.

ANS:	F
Good project managers do not assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors. They take the time to understand their sponsors’ expectations and then track project performance based on important success criteria.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.16
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	24.	Program managers are change agents.

ANS:	T
Program managers are responsible for more than the delivery of project results. They are change agents responsible for the success of products and processes developed by these projects.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.17
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	25.	Effective program managers recognize that managing a project is much more complex than managing a program.

ANS:	F
Effective program managers recognize that managing a program is much more complex than managing a single project.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.17
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	26.	Individual projects always address strategic goals whereas portfolio management addresses tactical goals.

ANS:	F
Tactical goals are generally more specific and short-term than strategic goals, which emphasize long-term goals for an organization. Individual projects often address tactical goals, whereas portfolio management addresses strategic goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.18
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	27.	It is mandatory for project managers working on large information technology projects to be experts in the field of information technology.

ANS:	F
Project managers for large IT projects do not have to be experts in the field of IT, but they must have working knowledge of various technologies and understand how the project would enhance the business.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.23
OBJ:	LO:1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's : Comprehension

	28.	To be a successful manager, the only skills an IT project manager needs to possess is excellent technical skills.

ANS:	F
IT project managers must be willing to develop more than their technical skills to be productive team members and successful project managers. Everyone, no matter how technical they are, should develop business and soft skills.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.24
OBJ:	LO: 1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	29.	The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create.

ANS:	T
As computer hardware became smaller and more affordable and software companies
developed graphical, easy-to-use interfaces, project management software became
less expensive and more widely used. New software makes basic tools such as Gantt charts and network diagrams inexpensive, easy to create, and available for anyone to update.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.28
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	30.	The enterprise project management software, which aids project and portfolio management, is a low-end tool.

ANS:	F
A category of project management software is high-end tools, sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software. These tools provide robust capabilities to handle very large projects and dispersed workgroups.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Which of the following is a difference between projects and operations?
a.	Projects are undertaken to sustain an organization’s business whereas operations are not.	c.	Projects are temporary endeavors whereas an organization’s operations are ongoing in nature.	
b.	Operations are undertaken to create unique products, services, or results whereas projects are not.	d.	Operations have well-defined objectives whereas projects do not need to have a unique purpose.	

ANS:	C
A project is “a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.” Operations, on the other hand, is work done in organizations to sustain the business.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.4
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	2.	Which of the following is true of projects?
a.	They have an indefinite beginning and end.	c.	They are developed using regressive elaboration.	
b.	They have a unique purpose.	d.	They are permanent in nature.	

ANS:	B
One of the attributes of projects is that they has have a unique purpose. Every project should have a well-defined objective.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.6
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	3.	The role of a _____ is to provide direction and funding for a project.
a.	project sponsor	c.	support staff member	
b.	project manager	d.	project team	

ANS:	A
Most projects have many interested parties or stakeholders, but someone must take the primary role of sponsorship. The project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	4.	Galaxy, a construction company, buys a particular brand of tiles manufactured by Tiles and Floors, an eco-friendly tile manufacturing company. However, Tiles and Floors has declared bankruptcy and closed down. At present, Galaxy is facing a crisis because there are no other manufacturers in the market that supplies eco-friendly tiles. Which of the following constraints is Galaxy currently facing?
a.	Resources	c.	Scope	
b.	Time	d.	Cost	

ANS:	A
Every project is constrained in different ways. For some projects, resources are the main concern.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Challenging	REF:	p.9
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking	TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Application	

	5.	Steve, an engineer in a construction company, is at present working on a home construction project. The home is being built for the Robinson family, the owners of the home. Steve is working with his project team and support staff to ensure the project is completed on time. In such a scenario, the project sponsor is _____.
a.	Steve	c.	the project team	
b.	the support staff	d.	the Robinson family	

ANS:	D
Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, among others. In a home construction project, the project sponsors would be the potential new homeowners.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Challenging	REF:	p. 10
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Application	

	6.	Project _____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully. 
a.	human resource	c.	time	
b.	scope	d.	cost	

ANS:	B
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.11
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	7.	Project _____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.
a.	cost	c.	risk	
b.	time	d.	quality	

ANS:	D
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	8.	Which of the following project management knowledge areas primarily involve generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information?
a.	Project cost management	c.	Project time management	
b.	Project procurement management	d.	Project communications management	

ANS:	D
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project communications management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	9.	Project procurement management mainly involves:
a.	making effective use of the people involved with the project.	c.	generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.	
b.	buying goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.	d.	identifying and analyzing stakeholder
needs while managing and controlling their engagement.	

ANS:	B
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficult: Moderate		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	10.	Which of the following project management knowledge areas is an overarching function that affects and is affected by the different knowledge areas?
a.	Project cost management	c.	Project integration management	
b.	Project stakeholder  management	d.	Project communications management	

ANS:	C
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop. Project integration management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	11.	An important tool for project scope management is _____.
a.	fast tracking	c.	a Gantt chart	
b.	crashing	d.	a work breakdown structure	

ANS:	D
Scope management uses scope statements, work breakdown structures, statements of
work, requirements analyses, scope management plans, scope verification techniques, and scope change controls.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	12.	Which of the following tools are most likely to be used in project time management?
a.	Payback analysis	c.	Gantt charts	
b.	Impact matrices	d.	Fishbone diagrams	

ANS:	C
Time management uses Gantt charts, project network diagrams, critical path analysis, crashing, fast tracking, and schedule performance measurements.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	13.	Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in _____ management.
a.	time	c.	communication	
b.	quality	d.	risk	

ANS:	A
Time management tools include Gantt charts, project network diagrams, critical path analysis, crashing, fast tracking, and schedule performance measurements.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	14.	In which of the following areas of management is payback analysis most likely to be used?
a.	Human resource	c.	Cost	
b.	Communication	d.	Quality	

ANS:	C
Tools used in cost management include payback analysis, earned value management, project portfolio management, and cost estimates among others.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	15.	A _____ is a tool used in quality management.
a.	probability matrice	c.	request for proposal	
b.	checklist	d.	critical path analysis	

ANS:	B
Quality management uses include quality metrics, checklists, quality control charts, Pareto diagrams, and fishbone diagrams among others.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	16.	Team building exercises and motivation techniques are tools used in _____ management.
a.	procurement	c.	human resource	
b.	scope	d.	cost	

ANS:	C
Motivation techniques, empathic listening, resource histograms, and team building exercises are tools used in human resource management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	17.	Which of the following tools can best help in efficient communication management?
a.	Kick-off meetings	c.	Requests for quotes	
b.	Impact matrices	d.	Fast tracking	

ANS:	A
Kick-off meetings are an important tool in project communication management. Other tools  in project communication management are communications management plans, conflict management, communications media selection, and progress reports.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	18.	A _____ is a tool used in risk management.
a.	work breakdown structure	c.	critical path analysis	
b.	project organizational chart	d.	probability matrice	

ANS:	D
Risk management plans, risk registers, probability/impact matrices, and risk rankings are different tools used in risk management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.13
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	19.	Which of the following statements is true of project management?
a.	It is a simple discipline with a limited scope.	c.	It does not guarantee successes for all projects.	
b.	It has specific tools which work universally across all kinds of projects.	d.	Its framework consists solely of project management knowledge areas.	

ANS:	C
Despite its advantages, project management is a very broad, often complex discipline. What works for one project may not work for another. Thus it is essential for project managers to continue to develop their knowledge and skills in managing projects.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty:Moderate		REF:	p.14
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	20.	Which of the following is true of program managers?
a.	They report to project managers who represent the next level in the hierarchy.	c.	They provide leadership and direction for project managers heading the projects within a program.	
b.	They recognize that managing a program is simpler than managing a project.	d.	They are responsible solely for the delivery of project results.	

ANS:	C
A program manager provides leadership and direction for the project managers heading the projects within a program. Program managers also coordinate the efforts of project teams, functional groups, suppliers, and operations staff supporting the projects to ensure that products and processes are implemented to maximize benefits.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.17
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	21.	Which of the following is a difference between project management and portfolio
management?
a.	Project management involves making wise investment decisions whereas portfolio management does not.	c.	Portfolio management asks questions like, “Are we carrying out projects efficiently?” whereas project management asks questions such as “Are we investing in the right areas?”	
b.	Portfolio management is an easy task whereas project management is a more difficult task.	d.	Project management addresses specific, short-term goals whereas portfolio management focuses on long-term goals.	

ANS:	D
Individual projects often address tactical goals, whereas portfolio management addresses strategic goals. Tactical goals are generally more specific and short-term than strategic goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.17
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	22.	A difference between strategic and tactical goals is that:
a.	strategic goals are more specific than tactical goals.	c.	tactical goals are more important for a project than strategic goals.	
b.	tactical goals encompass broader dimensions than strategic goals.	d.	strategic goals are long-term in nature whereas tactical goals are short-term.	

ANS:	D
Tactical goals are generally more specific and short-term than strategic goals, which emphasize long-term goals for an organization.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.17-18
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	23.	Which of the following questions reflect the strategic goals of project portfolio management?
a.	Are we carrying out projects well?	c.	Are we investing in the right areas?	
b.	Are projects on time and on budget?	d.	Do stakeholders know what they should be doing?	

ANS:	C
The strategic goals of project portfolio management raise questions such as “Are we working on the right projects?”, “Are we investing in the right areas?”, and “Do we have the right resources to be competitive?”

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.18
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	Program and Project Portfolio Management		KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	24.	Martha works as a project manager at a bank. Due to certain changes in external factors, Martha needs to make a few alterations in the tactical goals of her project. In such a scenario, which of the following will best help Martha cope with the change?
a.	Negotiation 	
b.	Project environment knowledge	
c.	Motivation	
d.	Soft skills 	

ANS:	B
The project environment differs from organization to organization and project to project, but some skills will help in almost all project environments. These skills include understanding change and understanding how organizations work within their social, political, and physical environments. Project managers must be comfortable leading and handling change, because most projects introduce changes in organizations and involve changes within the projects themselves.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Challenging	REF:	p.22
OBJ:	LO: 1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking	
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's: Application	

	25.	Joe is a project manager in an IT company and has over the years, gained substantial knowledge in his area of work. However, while managing his team, he often loses his temper. In addition, he fails to be an active listener when his team members approach him with work related challenges. In which of the following areas does Joe need to develop his skills in? 
a.	Application area knowledge	
b.	Project environment knowledge	
c.	Standards and regulations	
d.	Human relations skills	

ANS:	D
Achieving high performance on projects requires soft skills, otherwise called human
relations skills. Project managers need good soft skills to understand, navigate, and meet stakeholders’ needs and expectations. They need to be able to listen actively to what others are saying, help develop new approaches for solving problems, and then persuade others to work toward achieving project goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Challenging	REF:	p.23
OBJ:	LO: 1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking	
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's: Application	

	26.	Which of the following best defines the role of leaders?
a.	They focus on short-term objectives.	c.	They work solely toward day-to-day details of meeting specific tasks.	
b.	They work on achieving primarily tactical goals.	d.	They inspire people to reach goals.	

ANS:	D
Generally, a leader focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives while inspiring people to reach those goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p. 24
OBJ:	LO: 1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	27.	A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a ____ format.
a.	calendar 	c.	bar graph	
b.	line graph	d.	pie chart	

ANS:	A
A Gantt chart was developed by Henry Gantt for scheduling work in factories. A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in calendar form.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p. 26
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	28.	A critical path:
a.	is the shortest path through a network diagram.	c.	determines the earliest completion date of a project.	
b.	represents schedule information in calendar form.	d.	is a quality management tool to ensure a project meets the minimum quality standards.	

ANS:	C
The critical path is the longest path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project. It shows which tasks affect the target completion date of a project, and it can change as work proceeds and more information becomes available.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p. 27
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	29.	A _____ is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization.
a.	Project Management Office 	c.	Project Management Center	
b.	Project Management Professional	d.	Portfolio Group	

ANS:	A
In the 1990s, many companies began creating Project Management Offices to help them handle the increasing number and complexity of projects. A Project Management Office (PMO) is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p. 28
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	30.	Which of the following provides certification as a Project Management Professional?
a.	PMS	c.	PMI	
b.	PMC	d.	PMP	

ANS:	C
PMI or the Project Management Institute provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP). A Project Management Professional (PMP) is someone who has documented sufficient project experience and education, agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct, and demonstrated knowledge of project management by passing a comprehensive examination.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.30
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	31.	Which of the following refers to a set of principles that guides decision making based on personal values of what is considered right and wrong?
a.	Ethics	c.	Laws	
b.	Civics	d.	Politics	

ANS:	A
Ethics is a set of principles that guides decision making based on personal values of what is considered right and wrong. Making ethical decisions is an important part of project managers’ personal and professional lives because it generates trust and respect with other people.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.32
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	32.	Which of the following is true of low-end tools of the project management software?
a.	They are designed for especially large projects with multiple users.	c.	They provide basic project management features.	
b.	Their main advantage is that they have unlimited functionality.	d.	They are referred to as an enterprise project management software.	

ANS:	C
In a project management software, low-end tools provide basic project management features and are often recommended for small projects and single users.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	33.	Which of the following types of tools is usually recommended for small projects and single users? 
a.	Low-end	c.	High-end	
b.	Midrange	d.	Upper range	

ANS:	A
Low-end tools provide basic project management features and generally cost less than $200 per user They are often recommended for small projects and single users.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO:1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	34.	Enterprise project management softwares are also known as _____ tools of project management software.
a.	baseline	c.	low-end	
b.	midrange	d.	high-end 	

ANS:	D
Project management software tools can be divided into three general categories based on functionality and price. One of these tools are high-end tools which are sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	35.	Which of the following is a difference between low-end and midrange tools of the project management software?
a.	Low-end tools are designed to handle primarily multiple users whereas midrange tools are created to handle single users.	c.	Midrange tools provide basic project management features whereas low-end tools offer enterprise and portfolio management functions.	
b.	Low-end tools provide robust capabilities to handle dispersed workgroups whereas midrange tools do not.	d.	Midrange tools are designed to handle larger projects than low-end tools.	

ANS:	D
In a project management software, midrange tools is a step up from low-end tools. They are designed to handle larger projects, multiple users, and multiple projects.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

COMPLETION

	1.	Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing _____ and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries.

ANS:	schedule

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.2
OBJ:	LO: 1-1	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	TOP:	Introduction
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	2.	A(n) _____ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

ANS:	project

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.4
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	3.	_____ refers to work done in organizations to sustain the business.

ANS:	Operations

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.4
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	4.	_____  include people, hardware, software, or other assets.

ANS:	Resources

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	5.	A project’s sponsor is also known as a(n) _____.

ANS:	primary customer

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	6.	In project management, the three limitations of scope, time, and cost are referred to as the _____.

ANS:	triple constraint

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	7.	The question, “What unique product does the customer expect from the project?” is an example of a(n) _____ constraint.

ANS:	scope

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	8.	The question, “What is the project’s schedule?” is an example of a(n) _____ constraint.

ANS:	time

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.7
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Product?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	9.	“What is the project’s budget?” This is an example of a project’s _____ constraint.

ANS:	cost

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.8
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Product?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	10.	The _____ of project management includes quality, scope, time, and cost constraints.

ANS:	quadruple constraint

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.9
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	11.	_____ is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.”

ANS:	Project management

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.9
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	12.	Project management _____ describe the key competencies that project managers must develop.

ANS:	knowledge areas

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.11
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	13.	Project _____ management includes estimating how long it will take to complete work, develop an acceptable project schedule, and ensure timely completion of a project.

ANS:	time

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.11
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	14.	Project _____ management consists of preparing and managing the budget for a project.

ANS:	cost

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	15.	A(n) _____ is “a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually.”

ANS:	program

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.17
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	Program and Portfolio Management 			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	16.	_____ refers to the process in which organizations group and manage projects and programs as a cluster of investments that contribute to the entire enterprise’s success.

ANS:	Project portfolio management

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.17
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	Program and Portfolio Management 			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	17.	The _____ software integrates information from multiple projects to show the status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire organization.

ANS:	portfolio project management

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.20
OBJ:	LO: 1-4	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	Program and Portfolio Management 			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	18.	Soft skills are also known as _____ skills.

ANS:	human relations

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.23
OBJ:	LO: 1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge	

	19.	The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project.

ANS:	longest

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.27
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	20.	The _____ is an international professional society for project managers founded in 1969.

ANS:	Project Management Institute

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.30
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	21.	Passing the CPA exam is a standard for accountants. Similarly, passing the PMP exam is becoming a standard for _____.

ANS:	project managers

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.32
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	22.	Ethics is a set of principles that guides decision making based on _____ of what is considered right and wrong.

ANS:	personal values

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.32
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	23.	_____ tools, a step up from low-end tools, are designed to handle larger projects, multiple users, and multiple projects.

ANS:	Midrange

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO:1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

	24.	High-end tools in project management software have enterprise and _____ functions that summarize and combine individual project information to provide an enterprise view of all projects.

ANS:	portfolio management

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	25.	High-end tools are generally licensed on a(n) _____ basis.

ANS:	per-user

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Easy		REF:	p.34
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Knowledge

ESSAY

	1.	Describe the triple constraint. What are the three components and what is the relationship between them?

ANS:	
Every project is constrained in different ways by its scope, time, and cost goals. These limitations are sometimes referred to in project management as the triple constraint. To create a successful project, a project manager must consider scope, time, and cost and balance these three often-competing goals. He or she must consider the following: 

Scope: This goal involves questions such as, “What work will be done as part of the project? What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project? How will the scope be verified?”

Time: This goal encompasses questions such as, “How long should it take to complete the project? What is the project’s schedule? How will the team track actual schedule performance? Who can approve changes to the schedule?”

Cost: This goals deals with questions such as, “What should it cost to complete the project? What is the project’s budget? How will costs be tracked? Who can authorize changes to the budget?”

Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project. Experienced project managers know that they must decide which aspect of the triple constraint is most important. If time is most important, one must change the initial scope and/or cost goals to meet the schedule. If scope goals are most important, one may need to adjust time and/or cost goals.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p. 7-9
OBJ:	LO: 1-2	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	TOP:	What is a Project?
KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	2.	List and describe each of the ten project management knowledge areas.

ANS:	
Project management knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers
must develop. These are as follows: 

(1) Project scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.

(2) Project time management includes estimating how long it will take to complete the work, developing an acceptable project schedule, and ensuring timely completion of the project.

(3) Project cost management consists of preparing and managing the budget for the project.

(4) Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.

(5) Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project.

(6) Project communications management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information.

(7) Project risk management includes identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks related to the project.

(8) Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.

(9) Project stakeholder management includes identifying and analyzing stakeholder needs while managing and controlling their engagement throughout the life of the project.

(10) Project integration management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.11-12
OBJ:	LO: 1-3	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	What is Project Management?	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	3.	What are some of the qualities of a good project manager? Explain.

ANS:	
Project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager. Good project managers know that people make or break projects, so they must set a good example to lead their team to success. They are aware of the greater needs of their stakeholders and organizations, so they are visionary in guiding their current projects and in suggesting future ones. Companies that excel in project management grow project “leaders,” emphasizing development of business and communication skills. Yet good project managers must also focus on getting the job done by paying attention to the details and daily operations of each task. The best project managers have leadership and management characteristics; they are visionary yet focused on the bottom line. Above all else, good project managers focus on achieving positive results.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.25
OBJ:	LO: 1-5	NAT:	BUSPROG: Analytic		
TOP:	The Role of the Project Manager	KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	4.	Discuss the PMP certification. What are the advantages of obtaining PMP certification?

ANS:	
The Project Management Institute (PMI) provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP)—someone who has documented sufficient project experience and education, agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct, and demonstrated knowledge of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination.

Organizations that support PMP certification see the value of investing in programs to improve their employees’ knowledge in project management. Many employers today require specific certifications to ensure their workers have current skills, and job seekers find that they often have an advantage when they earn and maintain marketable certifications.

Passing the PMP exam is becoming a standard for project managers. Project management certification is also enabling professionals in the field to share a common base of knowledge. Sharing a common base of knowledge is important because it helps advance the theory and practice of project management. PMI also offers additional certifications, including agile techniques, scheduling, risk,
and program management.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.30-32
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension

	5.	Discuss the PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.

ANS:	
PMI approved a new Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct that took effect in January 2007. This code applies not only to PMPs, but to all PMI members and individuals who hold a PMI certification, apply for a PMI certification, or serve PMI in a volunteer capacity. It is vital for project management practitioners to conduct their work in an ethical manner. Even if one is not affiliated with PMI, these guidelines can help one conduct their work in an ethical manner, which helps the profession earn the confidence of the public, employers, employees, and all project stakeholders. The PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct includes short chapters addressing vision and applicability, responsibility, respect, fairness, and honestly.

PTS:	1	DIF:	Difficulty: Moderate		REF:	p.32
OBJ:	LO: 1-6	NAT:	BUSPROG: Technology	
TOP:	The Project Management Profession			KEY:	Bloom's: Comprehension